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定语从句和名词性从句
【把握考情特点】
定语从句
【锁定高考考点】
⊙关系代词的用法
1.(2012·江苏高考)After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
解析：选B。考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，“ urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词who。
2.(2011·山东高考)The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other.
A. they B. where C. what D. that
解析：选D。考查定语从句。关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。
3.(2010·全国卷Ⅰ)As a child，Jack studied in a village school， is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
解析：选A。考查定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句在逗号之后，可判断为非限制性定语从句。先行词a village school在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词which，故选A。
4.(2010湖南卷) I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
答案：A 该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students，且在从句中作met 的宾语，故选关系代词who，即A项。
⊙关系副词的用法
1.(2012·重庆高考)Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
解析：选D。考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句。position是先行词，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。
2.(2011·江苏高考)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval， the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
解析：选A。考查定语从句。本题中interval是先行词，意思是“休息时间”，表示时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语，因此选择关系副词when。
3.(2010·福建高考)Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
解析：选B。考查定语从句。先行词是the only planet，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。
⊙“介词＋关系代词”的用法
1.(2012·湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what C. which D. in which
答案：选D。考查定语从句。句意：心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中最细小的细节也应该考虑在内。 even the smallest details of life should be considered是定语从句部分，该部分主干完整，所以选关系副词；先行词是process，表抽象地点，所以选in which，相当于where。
2. (2011湖南高考)Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ____ she spoke fluently.
A who B whom C which D that
答案：选C 考查定语从句。此处由“代词+ of+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词German，French and Russian。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。句意：朱莉精通德语、法语和俄语，并且说得都很流利。
3.(2011·江西高考)She showed the visitors around the museum， the construction had taken more than three years.
A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which
解析：选C。句意：她带着游客参观这座博物馆——花了三年多才建成的建筑。 the construction of (……的建筑) ，which指代 the museum。
4.(2010·上海高考)Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
解析：选C。句意：风力是很古老的一种能源，不久的将来我们也许会再利用它。考查定语从句。return to“重新利用”，属固定搭配，故C项符合。
⊙as 与which的用法
1.(2012·安徽高考)A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：正如发现的那样，大量的语言学习是在出生后的第一年发生的，所以父母应当在那一时期多和孩子说话。分析句子结构可知，“ has been discovered”，为非限制性定语从句，且位于先行词所指的“A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life”整个句子之间，故用as。
2.(2011·上海高考)You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which B. where C. when D. as
解析：选A。句意：在公共汽车站你会发现有出租车在那里等，你可以租(一辆)去主人家里。考查定语从句。空格处引导一宾语从句修饰先行词taxis，taxis在从句中作hire的宾语，关系代词应用which，故选A。
3.(2010·四川高考)After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
解析：选B。考查非限制性定语从句。在此，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面句子的内容。句意：大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
⊙分隔式(分离式/干扰式)定语从句
1.(2012·浙江高考)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature， ， for some reason， had withdrawn from all human society.
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
解析：选B。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，定语从句的先行词是a painter，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应该用关系代词who。
2.(2011·天津高考)The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：体力是谋生所需的一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知此处是when引导的定语从句，修饰先词The days，且when在从句中作时间状语，故选A项。
3.(2010·湖南高考)I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
解析：选A。考查定语从句。根据语境和句子结构可知，此处应用who引导定语从句，修饰先行词students。
[题后反思与领悟]
1.定语从句中关系词的选择应该遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则。
2.对于“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要熟记介词的选择标准。
3. point， situation， case，stage， occasion等在定语从句中作为先行词时，要正确判断其后是用关系代词还是关系副词。如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用where或when，否则用that或which。考生可以采用补全法，即根据句意把从句补充完整，补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分。
4. as引导的定语从句通常有比较固定的句式和标志，熟悉其特点，就很容易识别这种定语从句。
5.分隔式定语从句的干扰性最强，解决这类题目的关键是把分隔部分去掉，并能够正确查找先行词
【突破重点难点】
一、关系代词that与which的用法辨析
1.that用于下列情况：
(1)先行词是all， something， everything， anything， nothing， little， much等不定代词；(2)先行词被all， any， every， no， little， much， some等词修饰；(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；(4)先行词被the only， the very (正是、恰是)， the last修饰；(5)先行词中既有人也有物；(6)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句；(7)先行词是the way，并在定语从句中充当状语时，关系代词用that或省略，或用in which。
He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.他谈论了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地点。
2.which用于下列情况：(1)引导非限制性定语从句；(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前；(3)先行词本身是that时；(4)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。
(2012•全国卷Ⅱ•8)That evening, which I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
我工作到很晚的那天晚上,我会告诉你更多关于那天晚上的事。
二、介词＋关系代词引导的定语从句
1.考查该结构中关系代词的选用。若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即介词＋whose＋名词结构，whose指人、物皆可。
(2012•天津卷•7)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.
我希望感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助,我永远不会走这么远。
2.考查该结构中介词的选用。
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词的固定搭配；句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”介词常用of。常见结构：①在some， any， few， little， none， all， both， neither， many， most， each等代词或数词的前后可以用of which/whom。②the＋比较级或最高级前后用of which/ whom等。
(2012•山东卷•23)Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series.
玛丽亚已经写了两部小说,它们都被拍摄成电视连续剧了。
[关键一点]
(1)from where 为“介词＋关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。
We stood at the top of the hill， from where we can see the town.
(2)像listen to， look at， depend on， pay attention to， take care of等固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
三、as与which在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
1.一般情况下，as所引导的非限制性定语从句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可，而which所引导的非限制性定语从句则只能放在主句之后。
2.当非限制性定语从句的谓语为be announced， be expected， be known， be reported， be said，be shown等被动式谓语时，常用as引导。
3.as表示整个主句内容时，有时含有“正如；正像”等意思，而which无此意。
4.在下列固定结构中，关系代词as代表整个主句所述的内容，一般不用which。例如：
as we know 众所周知
as has been said before 如前所述
as is often the case 情况常常如此
(2012•福建卷•23)The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的,在过去的两个月里,这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
四、定语从句与其他从句的区别
1.考查非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别
区分办法主要看前后句之间是否有and， but等并列连词或分号等的存在，若有，则为并列句；如果只有逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则为非限制性定语从句。
我们班有46名学生,其中一半都戴眼镜。
(2012•四川卷•13)In our class there are 46 students, of whom half wear glasses.（定语从句）
In our class there are 46 students, and half of them wear glasses. (并列句)
2.考查主语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
重点考查it， what和as的选用。常见的考查结构：
(1)“It be done (如：said/ suggested/ required等)that＋从句(that＋从句是主语从句，it是形式主语)”意为“据/人们(说/建议/要求等)……”。
(2)“What be done (如：said/ suggested/ required等) is that＋从句(that＋从句是表语从句，what引导主语从句)”意为“所(说/建议/要求等)的是……”。
(3)“As be done (如：said/ suggested/ required等)，主句(as引导非限制性定语从句)”意为“正如所(说/建议/要求等)的那样，……”。
It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. （主语从句）
What is required in the regulations is that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. （主语表语从句）
As is required in the regulations, you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.（定语从句）
3.考查the same， such引导限制性定语从句和结果状语从句的区别
the same， such， so可以与as或that搭配。as引导的是定语从句，前面名词或代词要在从句中充当成分；而that引导的是结果状语从句，从句结构完整。
It is so breathtaking a park that everyone wants to visit it. (结果状语从句)
It is so breathtaking a park as everyone wants to visit. (定语从句)
【演练命题热点】
1.（2012年湖南长沙一中高三模拟卷）The Olympic snowboarding event, ______ was exciting.
A. on which many people watched B. where many people watched TV
C. which many people watched on TV D. where many people watched on TV
答案：选C。which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词，作动词watch的宾语。 在非限定性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词是不能省略的。
2.(2012·安徽郎溪一中高三模拟)Tiangong1 is our space lab， many experiments will be carried out.
A. where B. when C. that D. whose
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：天宫一号是我们的空间实验室，在那里将进行很多的实验。关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。
3.(2012·浙江镇海中学高三模拟) The days are coming cloned monsters will replace human beings if things goes like this.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
解析：选A。考查分隔式定语从句。句意：如果照这样发展下去，克隆怪物代替人的日子就即将到来了。该句为分隔式定语从句，when引导的定语从句修饰先行词the days。
4.(2012·山东寿光现代中学高三模拟)Judging from his face there was a confident smile， we knew that he didn't lose heart.
A. in which B. from which C. by which D. on which
解析：选D。考查定语从句中“介词＋关系代词”的用法。句意：从他脸上自信的笑容来判断，我们知道他没灰心。“他脸上自信的笑容”应译成“a confident smile on his face”，故应使用介词on。
5.(2012·重庆巴蜀中学高三模拟) It was the very place the oil pipe burst from.
A. that B. which
C. where D. there
解析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：这就是输油管爆炸的地方。the very place 在从句中充当介词的宾语，故应用关系代词；又因为先行词前有very， 故应选that。
6.(2012·山东省实验中学高三模拟) Clean water and fresh air are essential for our daily life， we can't live.
A. by which B. without which C. that D. on which
解析：选B。考查含有 “介词＋关系代词”的定语从句。句意：对我们的生活来说，清洁的水和清新的空气是必须的，没有了它们，我们就无法生活。由句意可知此处应该使用介词without意为 “没有”。
7.(2012·哈尔滨三中高三模拟) Last term our math teacher set so difficult an examination problem none of us worked out.
A. that B. as C. so that D. which
解析：选B。考查定语从句。句意：上学期数学老师考试出题太难，没有一个人能解出来。as引导定语从句修饰“examination problem”，在从句中作宾语；因其先行词前有限定词so，故选关系代词as。若看作“so ... that ...”结构，结果状语从句应加宾语，即为“worked it out”。
名词性从句
锁定高考考点
⊙主语从句
1. (2012年湖南高考)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter ____you have lived there for a short or a long time.
A. why B. how C. whether D. when
答案：选C 根据结构词or就很容易断定：whether…or。句意：…你居住在那里是很短一段时间还是很长一段时间，都没有关系。
2.(2012·安徽高考)The limits of a person's intelligence， generally speaking， are fixed at birth， but
he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A. where B. whether C. that D. why
解析：选B。考查主语从句的引导词。句意：一个人的智力极限，通常来说，出生时就已经定型了，但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他的生活环境。根据“depend on”可知，主语从句“ he reaches these limits”中含有不确定因素，故用whether，选B。
3.(2011年湖南高考)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ______ the problem itself is.
A. what B that C which D why
答案：选 A 考查名词性从句。从句中缺表语，排除B和D；又因题目没有给出problem的范围，故选A。句意：在一个问题被解决之前，必须弄清问题本身所在。
4.(2011·北京高考) Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom
解析：选B。考查名词性从句。由句中的is 可知空格处为主语从句的引导词，且该引导词在从句中作offer 的宾语，故可排除C项；which“哪一个”；whom“谁”。故只有B项正确。
5.(2010·陕西高考)It never occurred to me you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
A. which B. what C. that D. if
解析：选C。此题考查主语从句。句意：我真想不到你竟然说服了他，使他改变了主意。It occurred to sb. that...为常用句型，表示“某人想到……”，其中it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
⊙表语从句
1.(2011·山东高考)I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is he never finishes anything.
A. that B. when C. where D. why
解析：选D。考查表语从句。很显然，前文所说的(他是一个空谈家而不是一个实干家)是下文(他一事无成)的原因，由此可知应该选why。
2.(2010·北京高考)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that C. why D. whether
解析：选B。此题考查名词性从句。考查句型The reason...is that...。that引导表语从句，在从句中不作句子成分。
⊙宾语从句
1.(2012·福建高考)We promise attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
解析：选C。考查连接代词。句意：我们承诺给参加聚会的人一个同电影明星照相的机会。此处考查宾语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故排除B、D两项。whoever 相当于anyone who，强调任何一个人，故选C。
2.(2011·山东高考)We've offered her the job, but I don't know she'll accept it.
A. where B. what C. whether D. which
解析：选C。考查宾语从句。句意：我们已经给她提供了一份工作，但是不知道她是否接受，故选whether，意为“是否”。
3. (2010湖南卷) Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _______ she was so angry.
A. where B. whether C. that D. why
答案：选D 考查名词性从句。该空引导宾语从句，根据句意“办公室中没人知道她为什么如此生气”可判断选D项。
4.(2010·北京高考)I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.
A. who B. where C. what D. how
解析：选C。此题考查宾语从句引导词。句意：我想以我的内在品质而被人喜欢和爱。空格后的意思是“所包含的内在品质”。what引导的从句作介词for的宾语，what在从句中作表语。
⊙同位语从句
1.(2012·重庆高考)Evidence has been found through years of study children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A. why B. how C. whether D. that
解析：选D。考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后面的部分是解释说明Evidence的内容的，是Evidence的同位语从句，从句中不缺任何成分，故选连词that。
2.(2011·辽宁高考)When the news came the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.
A. since B. which C. that D. because
解析：选C。考查同位语从句。句意：当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定去部队服役。此处的“ the war broke out”解释说明the news 的具体内容，且从句中不缺少成分，故为同位语从句，用that连接 。
[题后反思与领悟]
1.名词性从句中引导词的判断与选择是考生的易错点，要掌握每个引导词的基本用法及其在从句中的作用。
2. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别要从以下两个个方面来备考：
(1)抓住同位语从句的特征：用于同位语从句的名词通常有hope, fact, truth, belief, news, idea等抽象名词。
(2)that在同位语从句中不做任何语法成分；在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
【突破重点难点】
一、名词性从句的引导词that与what的区别
|
引导词 |
句法功能 |
省略情况 |
|
that |
不作任何句子成分 |
引导宾语从句有时可以省略 |
|
what |
主语、宾语、表语、定语 |
不能省略 |
(2012•全国卷Ⅰ•24)It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike.
总统会采取什么措施来结束这次罢工还不清楚。
二、whether与if的区别
(1)在主语从句中，表语从句中，同位语从句中只能使用whether。
(2) 在宾语从句中两者可以互换，但是在介词之后的宾语从句或与or not连用时只能使用whether。
(2012•湖南卷•26)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter whether you have lived there for a short or a long time.（此句为主语从句，故只能使用whether）
村子里的每个人都很友好。无论你在那里住的时间很短还是住了很长一段时间都没关系。
三、“疑问词＋ever”引导的名词性从句与“no matter＋疑问词”引导的状语从句的区别
1.“疑问词＋ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。
2.“疑问词＋ever”还可引导让步状语从句。
3.“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。
(2012•陕西卷•20)As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whichever suits you best.（宾语从句）提供了多达五门的课程,你可以任意选择最适合你的一门。
You can come whenever/no matter when you like.（状语从句） (无论什么时候，只要你想来，你就来)
四、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1.从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用之外，还要在从句中充当句子成分，主要是作主语或宾语。
2.从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词。
3.从可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，在非正式用语中常常可以将关系代词that省略。
4.从引导词来看，同位语从句有时也可以用whether来引导，但是定语从句不用whether来引导。
5.引导同位语从句的关联词是对先行词的具体内容进行进一步的解释说明，与先行词不存在指代关系；而引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词不但在从句中充当成分，而且与其修饰的先行词指代的是同一个人或者事物。
(2012•浙江卷•4)I made a promise to myself that this year, my first year in high school, would be different.（that引导promise的同位语从句）我给自己做出承诺:今年,是我上高中的第一年,将会与以往不同。
This is the museum that you visited a few days ago.（that引导定语从句）这个就是你几天前参观的博物馆。
五、名词性从句的时态和语序
1.名词性从句一律使用正常语序；
2.在宾语从句中，当主句动词是现在时时，宾语从句根据自身的句子情况而使用不同时态；当主句动词是过去时态(could， would除外)时，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等；当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象时，则从句仍用现在时态。
【演练命题热点】
1. (2012湖南长沙一中高三月考卷) As was known to all that William had broken his promise ______ he would never play computer games again.
A. which B. that C. what D. when
答案：选B。名词promise后接that引导的同位语从句。对前一名词内容作进一步补充说明。
2.(2012·邯郸一中高三模拟) It never occurred to me you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
A. which B. that C. what D. if
解析：选B。考查主语从句。句意：我根本没有想到你能成功说服他改变主意。it是形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的主语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分。it occurred to sb. that…意为“某人想到……”。
3.(2012·长沙高三模拟) The most dangerous thing about a credit card is a person isn't always aware of the fact he's spending money.
A. that； that B. what； that C. that；what D. what；which
解析：选A。考查表语从句和同位语从句。第一空中的that 引导表语从句，做系动词is 的表语；第二空中的that 引导同位语从句，与fact构成同位语 。
4.(2012·郑州一中高三模拟)Portable videophones will show us is happening at the other end of the line.
A. which B. what C. how D. why
解析：选B。考查宾语从句。句意：便携式可视电话可以给我们展示电话的另一端正在发生的事。what在从句中作主语。
5.(2012·江西师大附中高三模拟) As far as I see， is no possibility he will win the tennis match this time.
A. it； that B. there； that C. it； whether D. there； whether
解析：选B。考查同位语从句的用法及there be句型。句意：依我看来，他这次赢得网球赛是不可能的。There is no possibility ...“……是不可能的。”； 句中that he will win the tennis match this time是possibility的同位语。
