第一讲 时态、语态
【把握考情特点】
时态和语态
【锁定高考考点】
⊙动词的一般时态
(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时)
1. (2012年湖南卷)"The moment _____soon," he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
A. came B. has tome C. was coming D. is coming
解析：选D。 根据soon “很快”很容易断定是将来时，这里是直接引语，所以要用D（表示 “来、去、动身、启程”这类动词经常用进行时表将来）。句意：“这一时刻很快就要到了”。
2. (2012年湖南卷)Close the door of fear behind you, and you _____ the door of faith open before you.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing
解析：选C。句意：关上你身后的惧怕之门，你就会看到信心之门在你面前敞开着。这是祈使句+and+并列句。根据句意，并列句谓语应该用将来一般时态。
3. (2011湖南卷，27) In 1492, Columbus_______ on one of the Bahama islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed
解析：选B。考查动词的时态。句意为“在1492年，哥伦布登上了巴哈马群岛，但他误以为是印度的岛屿。”in 1492是过去时的标志，后面叙述的是在这一年里发生的事情。题目没有明确说明“登陆”是发生在“误解”之前的动作，因此，这两个行为都统一在1492年里，排除D，故选B。
4.(2012·重庆高考)—Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong?
—Well, I a test and I'm waiting for the result.
A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take
解析：选B。考查动词时态。根据“I'm waiting for the result”可知，Kevin已经参加过考试了，是过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。故选B项。
5.(2012·北京高考)By the time you have finished this book, your meal cold.
A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting
解析：选C。考查时态。句意：到你读完这本书的时候，你的饭就将凉了。根据前半句中的内容可知，这里叙述的是将来的情况，所以用一般将来时。
6.(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)Planning so far ahead no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.
A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made
解析： 选C。考查谓语动词的时态。句子的主语为动名词短语Planning so far ahead， 谈论的是现在的一种情况，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数。
⊙动词的进行时态
(现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时)
1.(2012·陕西高考)—Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon?
—I'm sorry, but by then I to Beijing. How about five?
A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying
解析：选C。考查动词时态。句意：“今天下午两点钟我给你打回去行吗？”“对不起，那时，我将正飞往北京。五点钟怎么样？”根据时间状语by then可知，此处用将来时态，且表示下午两点钟时正在进行的动作情景，故用将来进行时态，所以C项正确。
2. (2011湖南卷，22)—John, what ______in your hand?
—Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A had you held B are you holding C. do you hold D will you hold
解析：选 B。考查动词的时态。句意为“——John，你手里拿的是什么？——看，这是给我奶奶的生日礼物。”两人对话以现在时间为参考点，现在(说话人说话时) 对方hold这个动作正在发生，故用现在进行时。选B。
3.(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)I wasn't sure if he was really interested or if he polite.
A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be
解析： 选A。考查谓语动词的时态。 be用于进行时， 表示主语当时的状态。 句意： 我不敢确定他是真的对此感兴趣还是只是出于礼貌才那样做。 故选A。
4.(2010·北京高考)—I'm not finished with my dinner yet.
—But our friends for us.
A. will wait B. wait C. have waited D. are waiting
解析：选D。此题考查动词时态。句意：我还没吃完饭，但我们的朋友在等我们。表示此刻动作正在进行，故选D。
5. (2010年湖南卷) I walked slowly through the market, where people all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold
解析：选B。根据“I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed”的提示可判断此处表示“人们当时正在出售各种水果和蔬菜”，即表示过去某时正在发生的动作，故选B项。
⊙动词的完成时态(现在完成时、过去完成时)
1.(2012·湖南高考)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me？
—Sorry, I the piano for years.
A. don’t play B. wasn't playing C. haven't played D. hadn't played
解析：选C。考查时态。句意：“我记得在大学时，你是一位极有天赋的钢琴手。你能为我们弹奏钢琴吗？”“对不起，我已经多年不弹钢琴了。”由句意可知，选现在完成时。现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作对现在有影响或结果。
2. (2011湖南卷，30) It is the most instructive lecture that I ________ since I came to this school.
A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended
解析：选D。考查动词的时态。句意为“自从我到这个学校以来，这是我所听到的最有教育意义的演讲。”since自从…以来，引导过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。选D。
3.(2011·山东高考)She was surprised to find the fridge empty； the children everything！
A. had been eating B.had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating
解析：选B。考查动词的时态。第一个分句用的是一般过去时，由语意可知，第二个分句中的动作(eat)发生在第一个分句的谓语动词动作前，属于典型的“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
4. (2010湖南卷) I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone it. Was it you?
A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do
解析：选B。考查动词时态。该空动作发生在was just going to cut之前，即表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时态。句意为：“我正要剪切我的蔷薇丛但（发现）有人已经将它剪切了。是你干的吗？”
⊙动词的完成进行时态
(现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时)
1.(2012·安徽高考)In order to find the missing child， villagers all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing
解析：选D。考查动词时态。句意：为了找到那个丢失的孩子，在过去的五个小时里，村民们做了他们所能做的一切事情。根据句中的“can”及时间状语“over the past five hours”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时，故选D。
2.(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)When Alice came to， she did not know how long she there.
A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain
解析： 选A。考查谓语动词的时态。 句意： 当Alice醒来时， 她不知道自己在那里躺了多久了。 由句意可知， 爱丽丝在苏醒之前一直在那里躺着。 因此空白处应用过去完成进行时。
3. (2010湖南卷) I'm tired out. . I all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping
答案D
解析：句意为：“我现在很累。我整个下午一直在购物，我好像什么事都没做成似的。”由语境可判断选D项。
⊙动词的语态(主要为被动语态)
1. (2012年湖南卷)Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now ______later in life.
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid
解析： 选A。 句意:…你现在所做的努力在以后的生活中会有回报的. 显然是将来时态且为被动.
2.(2011·湖南高考)In the near future， more advances in the robot technology by scientists.
A. are making B. are made C. will make D. will be made
解析：选D。考查时态和语态。根据时间状语in the near future 可知，此处应用将来时态。 make 和more advances 之间存在动宾关系，故用被动语态。句意：在不久的将来，在机器人技术方面科学家会取得更大的进展。
3.(2012·四川高考)They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house .
A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt
解析：选A。考查动词的时态和语态。句意：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用现在进行时态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。
4. (2010湖南卷) This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was named B. named C. is named D. names
答案：A
解析：根据主语“This coastal area”与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时，故选A项。
[题后反思与领悟]
1.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别要注意下面几点：
(1)“点时间”还是 “段时间”
一般过去时常与表示过去时间点的词连用(表示过去某时发生的动作)；而现在完成时常与表示一段时间的词连用(表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态)。抓时间状语是关键，判断是时间点还是时间段。
(2)是否对“现在”有影响
一般过去时表示过去某时的状态或发生的动作，与现在没有什么联系；而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
(3)动作是否“持续”
过去时与一段时间连用表示动作没有持续到现在；而现在完成时与一段时间连用表示动作持续到了现在。结合句意判断动作是否持续到现在是解题的根本所在。
2.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别主要集中在以下两点。
(1)现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性和完成动作的决心，而现在完成时则强调结果。
(2)现在完成进行时有时带有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
3.过去进行时与一般过去时的用法区别
(1)一般过去时常表示在过去某一时间动作已经结束，而过去进行时却表示在过去某一时间内动作在持续或尚未完成；
(2)一般过去时表示动作只做一次，而过去进行时则表示反复发生的动作。
【突破重点难点】
动词的一般时
一、一般现在时
1.表示习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等连用。
2.在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句以及if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If it doesn't rain， we'll go on a picnic as planned.
如果不下雨，我们将按计划去野餐。
(2012•全国卷Ⅰ•23)“Life is like walking in the snow”, Granny used to say,“because every step shows”
祖母过去经常说:“人生就像在雪地里行走,因为每一步都能显现出来”。
二、一般过去时
表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in, 1999, at that time等。
—Long time no see！ Haven't you graduated from college?
“好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？”
—Yes. I studied English for four years in
“毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。”
(2012•全国卷Ⅰ•33)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers swam before my eyes.
一下午我都在做数学题,所以我眼前全是数字。
三、一般将来时
1.will/shall ＋动词原形
(2012•湖南卷•25)Close the door of fear behind you, and you will see the door of faith open before you.
关上通往恐惧的门之后,你会很快地看到信心的大门。
2.be going to＋动词原形
①表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
②表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生。
Look at the cloud, It's going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
3.“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。
The English evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
4.“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
到10点你得交上试卷。
动词的进行时
一、现在进行时
1.表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
2.现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等。
A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.
今天上午一位外国客人将要举行英语讲座。
(2012•湖南卷•27)“The moment is coming soon,”he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
“这一刻就要来到了,”他自思自忖,紧张地等待着。
二、过去进行时
1.表示过去正在进行的动作。
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.
那位记者说他看到不明飞行物时，该物体正由东向西运行。
2.表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave， start， arrive， go， come 等。
Joan told us she was leaving for
琼告诉我们她下周六要去武汉。
动词的完成时
一、现在完成时
1.表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just，since等表示时间的词连用。
This disease has dropped considerably in the past few years.
近几年这种病的发病率大大降低了。
2.用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.
我完成工作之前他会回来的。
3.在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that 从句”中， that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the first time that the world must face a global problem.
这是第一次整个国际社会必须得面临同一个全球问题。
4.在“It (This) is” the best (worst， most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的一本书。
二、过去完成时
1.某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
We had wanted to help you， but we were too busy to get away.
我们本来想帮助你的，但忙得脱不开身。
2.在hardly (scarcely) ... when ..., no sooner ... than ...句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
3.在It was the first (second, etc.) time＋ thatclause 句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
三、将来完成时
主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如：by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.
我们将在今年年底完成这项任务。
一、现在完成进行时动词的完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/ has＋ been＋v.ing形式”构成，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for， since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years.
他们住在这里十年了。
(2012•全国卷Ⅱ•T18)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。
二、过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“had＋ been＋ v.ing”构成。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.
她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)
动词的语态
一、主动表示被动的形式：
1.英语中有很多动词，如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily, well等副词连用。例如：
This kind of cloth washes well.
这种布好洗。
The sign reads as follows.
这牌子告示如下。
This material won't wear.
这种材料不耐穿。
The machine runs well.
这种机器运转良好。
2.表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, look等，后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来很合理。
3.在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词及形容词worth的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例如：
The house needs repairing /to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
The picture book is well worth reading.
这本图画书非常值得一读。
二、主动表示被动的句式：
1.在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中，不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。例如：
This problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
2.be to rent/blame /let也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake？
谁应为这个错误接受谴责？
The houses are to let.
这些房子有待出租。
【演练命题热点】
1.(2012·江西师大附中高三模拟) — Can you guess what's the front page news today/
— Of course, everybody about London Olympics at present.
A. is talking B. talked C. has talked D. had talked
解析：选A。考查动词时态。答句句意：当然了，现在每个人都在谈论伦敦奥运会。由答语中的时间状语at present可知应用现在进行时。
2.(2012·大连高三模拟)I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I to half a dozen other groups.
A. am giving B. was giving C. have given D. had given
解析：选D。考查动词时态。主句用的时态为过去进行时，而the same talk所发生的时间在此之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时态。
3.(2012·宁波高三模拟) Listen to the music！That's what I in a competition last July.
A. played B. had played
C. have played D. was playing
解析：选A。考查动词时态。由句中时间状语last July可知应用一般过去时。
4.(2012·青岛二中高三模拟) I glasses since I was in primary school and I hate them. They make me look like a bookworm.
A. have worn B. have been wearing C. have been worn D. was wearing
解析：选B。考查动词时态。句意：自从小学开始我就一直带着眼镜，我很讨厌戴眼镜，它们让我看起来像一个书呆子。由句意可知“我”戴眼镜的持续时间长，故用现在完成进行时表示动作的持续性。
5.(2012·福建莆田一中高三模拟)Although all of the apples , none of them good.
A. has been tasted； are tasted B. have been tasted； taste
C. have tasted； taste D. has tasted； are tasted
解析：选B。考查语态。句意：尽管所有的苹果都被尝过了，但是没有一个味道是好的。第一个空中的taste是及物动词，意为“品尝”，apples与taste之间是被动关系，要用被动语态，排除C、D两项；第二个空中taste是系动词，意为“尝起来；有……的味道”，没有被动形式，故选B。
6.(2012·北大附中高三模拟)— Roderick had an accident yesterday.
— How come? He very carefully.
A. drove B. drives C. had driven D. has driven
解析：选B。考查动词时态。答句句意：怎么会呢？他开车很小心。答句是陈述的客观事实，故应使用一般现在时。
7.(2012·山东昌乐二中高三模拟) The diamond mine accidentally by a little boy when he was playing hide-and-seek.
A. discovered B. was discovered C. has been discovered D. would discover
解析：选B。考查时态和语态。句意：这个钻石矿是在那个小男孩玩捉迷藏的时候偶然被发现的。因钻石矿是被发现的，故需用被动语态。由句中时间状语从句可知主句的谓语动词应该使用一般过去时。
8.(2012·海南中学高三模拟)The writer and teacher Smith through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
A. have gone B. had gone C. went D. has gone
解析：选D。考查时态和主谓一致。语意表示既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败，由句中since可知主句要用现在完成时，且主语表示史密斯身兼两职，故谓语动词应为单数。
9.(2012湖南雅礼中学高三摸拟)——It’s really a pity that I didn’t see you in Shanghai.
——I _______ to see you in the hotel, but I was too busy.
A. hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping
解析：选B。Had hoped 表示过去本希望，但这希望没有实现。该句“我本希望去宾馆看你的，但我太忙了”。类似的还有had meant/intended/wanted/thought
10. (2011年湖南长沙一中高三月考)Justin _____ a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when it is finished.
A. was writing B. is writing C. has already written D. wrote
解析：选B。根据后一分句的意思，Justin的书还没写完。故用现在进行时 is writing(现正在写)
11.(2011年湖南师大附中高三月考) Tom has been absent for two days. Do you know what ______to him?
A. has happened B. would happen C. was happened D. had happened
解析：选A。根据前一句Tom已缺席2天了， 这是因某事而产生的结果。故后一分句要用现在完成时。
【专题诊断报告】
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一般时 |
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现在完成时 |
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完成进行时 |
现在完成进行时 |
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被动语态 |
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【课下活页卷】
