英语语法绪论—动词时态语态：doc全文下载 href="/Upload/UploadFiles//coach_UploadFiles_8112/201311/2013112508580953.doc">高中英语语法绪论—动词时态语态：doc全文下载
动词时态语态
一、知识精要
时态
英语中共有16种时态。（以play为例）
|
|
一般时态 |
进行时态 |
完成时态 |
完成进行时态 |
|
现在 |
play/plays |
is/am/are playing |
has/have played |
has/have been playing |
|
过去 |
played |
was/were playing |
had played |
__________ |
|
将来 |
will play |
__________ |
__________ |
will have been playing |
|
过去将来 |
would play |
would be playing |
would have played |
would have been playing |
根据历年高考考试大纲中语法项目表，备考高考需要掌握英语的十六种时态中的以下八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但纵观十年高考的真题不难发现，现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成时和将来进行时也时有考查，所以备战高考应在掌握大纲规定的八种时态基础上，兼顾以上四种。
一、一般现在时
1. 常同often, sometimes, usually, always, twice a month, every week, occasionally等状语连用。
She always takes a walk in the evening.
I do some exercise every day.
2.
She knows French and German besides English.
Some people still live in poverty.
3.
The earth (move) round the sun.
Time and tide wait for no man.
4. 在 状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态，主句通常用 。
I’ll tell her when she (come) tomorrow.
But we won’t go if it (rain).
二、一般过去时
1. （常同yesterday, last week, just now, the other day, at that time等状语连用。）
The foreign guests visited
He didn’t go to school yesterday.
2.
When she was there, she often went to the supermarket.
三、一般将来时
1. 基本形式：
基本用法：（立足于 ）
2. 其他表达法
(1) ，表示打算做某事或即将发生某事。
(2) ， 表示即将发生某事，安排或要求做某事。
(3) ，表示即将发生某事，句中不可以用表示未来时间的状语。
判断正误：
The talk is about to begin. ( )
The talk is about to begin in five minutes. ( )
注：be about to do 经常与when 引导的时间状语连用，表示“正要……这时（突然）……”
如：I was about to leave when it began to rain.
(4) 某些动词的 可以表示将来时间，指根据时间表规定预计要发生的动作。 注：此时通常 充当主语。
有此用法的动词有： begin, leave, arrive, return, start, end等。
The term starts on 1st September.
When does the plane leave?
(5) 某些动词的 可表示计划或准备要做某事。注：此时通常人作主语。
有此用法的动词有：leave, go, come, stay, do, take, have等。
I am leaving tonight.
The Talent Show is coming in two weeks’ time.
四、现在进行时
1. 表示现在或 正在进行的动作或发生的事情。
It is snowing outside.
She is learning English at college.
2. 与always, forever, constantly等副词连用，带有 等感情色彩。
Jim is always coming late for class.
She is always reading novels.
五、现在完成时
1. 现在完成时表示动作在过去，对现在产生影响或结果。常用的时间状语有：just, already, yet, so far, recently, ever等。
I have seen him somewhere before.
2. 表示从 开始，一直延续到 的动作或状态。
They have been friends since childhood.
3. 表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经历。常用的时间状语有twice, ever, never, three times, before等。
I’ve never seen her so angry before.
4. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时强调的是它和现在有密切的联系，对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作；而一般过去时强调动作发生在过去，不表示和现在有关系。
比较：
He worked there for three years. ( )
He has worked there for three years. ( )
六、过去进行时
1. 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
What were you doing at nine last night?
At that time she was working in a laboratory.
2. 过去进行时和一般过去时的差别：
1）强调动作的角度不同：前者强调动作正在进行，后者强调动作已完成。
I was reading a novel last night.（ ）
I read a novel last night.（ ）
2）时间状语不同
比较：
She was doing the homework all day yesterday.
She did the homework yesterday.
七、过去完成时
1. 表示过去某时前或过去的某个动作前发生的动作或情况（也可说是“ ”）。
By the end of June they had treated 30,000 patients.
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
2. 表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一个时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since 等引出的时间状语连用。
It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days.
3. 用于两个常用句型的主句中：hardly (scarcely) ... when, no sooner ... than，表示
She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.
4. intend, mean, expect, want, hope, plan, think, wish等动词的过去完成时可以表示本来打算做或希望做而没有做的事。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me when I was about to leave.
【注意】过去完成时是一个 时态。 只有和过去某时间或动作相比较时才能用到该时态。
比较：
Most of the guests had left when we arrived at the party.
He played basketball for many years when he was young.
八、过去将来时
1. 这个时态也是一个相对的时态, 主要表示从 某时看来将要发生的事情。
He was sixty-eight. Two years later he would be seventy.
2. “would + 动词原形”可用来表示过去 的动作。
Whenever he had time, he would help them in their work.
九、现在完成进行时
1. 表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，这个动作可能刚终止，也可能还在进行。
We’ve just been talking about you.
What book have you been reading recently?
2. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1）现在完成时一般表示动作已经完成，现在完成进行时的动作不一定已经完成，很可能持续下去。
比较：
I’ve been writing an article. ( )
I’ve written an article. ( )
2）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，而现在完成时一般不表示动作的重复。
I’ve been taking part in races for about four years.
How many races have you taken part in?
十、将来完成时
1. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
2. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。
You will have reached
By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
十一、过去完成进行时 表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去的另一时间。 Mary had been writing the letter till two o’clock yesterday.
十二、将来进行时 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。
（我将在纽约学习汉语）at this time of next year.
语态
一、构成
语态是表示主语和谓语的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态 (the Active Voice) 和被动语态(the Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，其构成为be+过去分词。如：
She typed a letter. (主动)
A letter was typed by her. (被动)
各个时态的被动形式大致可归纳如下：
|
|
一般时态 |
进行时态 |
完成时态 |
|
现 在 |
is done are |
is being done are |
been done have |
|
过 去 |
done were |
being done were |
had been done |
|
将 来 |
be done will |
× × × |
have been done will |
|
过去 将来 |
be done would |
× × × |
have been done would |
二、被动语态使用要点
（一）不能用被动语态的情况
1. 不能用于被动语态
appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. ( )
2. 下列动词以及短语动词通常不用于被动语态
此类动词及短语有：lack, fit, mean, hold, resemble, have, cost, equal, contain, become, last, benefit, fail, consist of, look like等。
The book costs 10 yuan.
The book consists of 25 chapters.
（二）主动形式表示被动意义的情况
1. 用主动形式表被动意义。如look, smell, taste, fell, prove, wear, sound等。
The flower smells sweet.
The dish tastes delicious.
The cloth feels very soft.
2. 某些及物动词表示事物的性质时用主动形式表示被动意义，常与 等副词连用。如wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, lock, peel, iron等。
The type of recorder sells well.
That kind of shirt washes well.
Ripe apples peel easily.
3. 等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
The book is worth reading.
The children need looking after.
The table wants cleaning.
4. 某些作表语的形容词后，用 主动形式表示被动意义。
The rock is hard to break.
He is hard to please.
The fish is not fit to eat.
5. 某些不及物动词如open, shut, start, act, keep, move等与can’t, won’t, doesn’t 等连用时。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday.
The door won’t shut.
（三）不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省
在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to,但在被动语态中要带to。
She was seen by the window.
Jim was made overtime.
（四）get + 过去分词也可构成被动语态
get常同marry, pay, damage, tear, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。
John and Jane got married last month.
Jack got thrown out of college for failing his exams.
【注意】get型被动语态一般都能用be型被动语态替代，但有些be型被动语态可用get型被动语态替代，有些则不行。如：
She was born in a small village.
The bridge is being built.
（五）被动语态的固定结构
be supposed to do/be意为“应该”
What am I supposed to do?
He was supposed to be here at 8 o’clock.
高考真题
1. Planing so far ahead no sense—so many things will have changed by next year. (2011全国)
A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made
2. I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he polite. (2011全国)
A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be
3. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she there. （2011全国）
A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain
4. If you don't like the drink you just leave it and try a different one. （2011全国卷II）
A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered
5. ——That must have been a long trip.
——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there. (2011北京)
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
6. Tom in the library every night over the last three months. （2011北京）
A. works B. worked C. has been working D.had been working
7. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team four days later. (2011上海)
A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued
8. ——Bob has gone to California.
——Oh, can you tell me when he ? (2011北京)
A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
9. On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years. (2011天津)
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
10. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child everything! （2011山东）
A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating
11. ——I hear you in a pub. what’s it like? （2011江苏）
——Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.
A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working
12. Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they from
A. receive B. are receiving C. have received D. had received
13. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. （2011浙江）
A. gave B. gives C. was giving D. had given
14. ——What a mistake!
——Yes. I his doing it another way, but without success. （2011四川）
A. was suggesting B. will suggest C. would suggest D. had suggested
15. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He to have been praised by the manager just now. （2011重庆）
A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming
16. His first novel good reviews since it came out last month. （2011陕西）
A. receives B. is receiving C. will receive D. has received
17. In 1492,
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D.had landed
18. I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I . (2011辽宁)
A. was doing B. am doing C. have done D. had been doing
19. By the time Jack returned home from
A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been graduating D. had graduated
20. ―We’ve spent too much money recently.
―Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friends and relatives around all the time.（2010安徽）
A. are coming B. had come C. were coming D. have been coming
21. Traditional folk arts of
A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited
22. In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant . (2010四川)
A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with
23. — Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
— No, I my homework all day yesterday.（2010全国I）
A. was doing B. would do C. has done D. do
24. I have to see the doctor because I a lot lately.（2010陕西）
A. have been coughing B. had coughed C. coughed D. cough
25. Joseph to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name?” in Russian.（2010辽宁）
A. has been going B. went C. goes D. has gone
26. His sister left home in 1998, and since.(2009全国I)
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
27. Progress so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.(2009全国II)
A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be
28. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we up, her voice had been full of life.(2009北京)
A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hung
29. — Do you think we should accept that offer?
—Yes, we should, for we such bad luck up till now, and time out. (2009江西)
A. have had; is running B. had; is running C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run
30. —Why does the lake smell terrible?
—Because large quantities of water .(2009福建)
A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
31. My parents have promised to come to see me before I for Africa.(2009辽宁)
A. have left B. leave C. left D. will leave
32. —Why don’t we choose that road to save time？
—The bridge to it .(2009四川)
A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired
33. I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it .(2009山东)
A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened
34. My parents in
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live
35. —Hi, Torry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
—Sorry, . (2009江苏)
A. It’s repaired B. It has been repaired C. It’s being repaired D. It had been repaired
36. Daniel’s family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. ( 2009安徽)
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
37. According to the literary review, Shakespeare his characters live through their language in his plays.（2009福建）
A. will make B. has made C. was making D. makes
38. Would you please keep silent? The weather report and I want to listen.（2009湖南）
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast
39. — The food here is nice enough.
— My friend me a right place. （2009湖南）
40. So far this year we a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. (2008福建D)
A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen
41. — Did you go to the show last night?
— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area invited. (2008陕西)
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
42. Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much. (2008重庆)
A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damage
43. — I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
— I think so. He for it for months. (2008江苏)
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
44. I don’t believe you’ve already finished reading the book — I it to you this morning!
A. would lend B. lent C. had lent D. was lending
45. The telephone , but by the time I got indoors, it stopped. (2008四川)
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
46. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it all day. (2008全国II)
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
47. — Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
— Yes, since she the Chinese Society. (2008全国I)
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
48. — Have you got any job offers?
— No. I . (2008辽宁)
A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting
49. — Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?
— Who it? (2008北京)
A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written
50. — Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
— Yes, I did. You know, my brother in the match. (2008安徽)
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
