翻译题概述
在四级考试的第四部分中，可能出现的第二种题型是翻译。到目前为止，共考过三次（96年1月、96年6月、00年6月）。从往年的考试来看，这种题的得分普遍偏低。究其原因，主要有两点：其一是没有读懂文章，即没有理解要译的句子；其二是词汇量的问题。
做好翻译部分的关键是要理解原文，即提高自己的阅读理解能力。考试中要翻译的句子全部都是从阅读理解部分的文章中挑出来的，如果理解所要翻译的那句话本身有困难，一定要结合上下文的内容，这样也许会有所帮助。

至于词汇量的问题，请见本讲座第二周和第三周有关词汇方面的内容。

值得指出的是，四级考试对翻译的要求是不高的，只要能将要点（每句话有四个翻译要点）译出，全句能基本符合汉语，就可以了，不需要文采。对专业翻译所要求的翻译技巧不必太在意。

（一）四级翻译题的要求
按照1999年新修订的《大学英语教学大纲(http://www.xmyuanda.com》 的要求，具备英语四级水平的考生应能够将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语，对原文理解准确，译文表达清楚，译速为每小时300个英语单词。

1995年7月，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会发布通知决定，在大学英语四级考试中采取新题型，其中就包括英译汉部分。但在某次考试中采用什么题型，事先不公布。

增设的英译汉部分要求考生翻译5个选自阅读理解部分的句子，主要是为了更好的考查考生对英语理解能力、汉语表达能力和语言组织能力这三方面的综合运用。考生只有在正确理解原文的基础上，用恰当的汉语将自己的理解准确的表述出来，并且不损失原文内容，才能够得到较高的分数。

在做翻译题时，考生必需在有限的时间内做到英语理解、英汉转换和汉语的表达，这要求考生一方面具有很好的英语理解能力，另一方面能够将英语转换成对应的汉语并将其表达出来。相对于做选择题来讲，考生在做翻译题时没有了侥幸答对题的可能，更能客观反映考生水平。 （二）翻译的命题特点
英译汉部分在四级考试中共出现过三次（1996年1月，1996年6，2000年6月）。其具体考试形式是：在试卷中，英译汉安排在阅读理解部分之后，通常设有5题，从阅读理解的4篇文章中分别选择1至2个句子组成一题。考试的时间为15分钟。考试时，考生可以参阅阅读理解部分的有关文章，以便了解上下文。这部分占整套试卷的10%，共计10分。

从历次考试来看，翻译作为一个重要题型，具有以下特点：

1． 选材方面，与阅读理解文章相同。

2． 翻译句子方面，英译汉部分通常选择阅读文章中的归纳性句子，长句，结构较为复杂的句子。

3． 考点方面，英译汉主要考核两点：

1） 考生对英语书面材料的确切理解能力。翻译时考生需结合整篇文章的大意，理解上下文，以便准确表达句子意思。

2） 英汉语言转换能力。考生如果想在翻译部分取得理想成绩，除了提高英语理解能力以外，还一定要在平时注意扩大知识面，提高汉语表达能力和语言组织能力。

（三）翻译的评分原则及标准
根据全国大学英语四级考试大纲公布样题的评分标准，英译汉部分每道题为2分。其中，句子的整体语言结构占0.5分，另外句中还有三个必须翻译正确的语言点，每个语言点占0.5分。基本上只要全句整体通顺，要点部分没有译错就可以得满分。但最低限度不能偏离可以认可的译法。

但在2000年6月的修订中，其评分原则和标准有所变化。为便于大家具体把握，现详述如下：

1、本项目是通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力。

2、本项目中的试题均摘自阅读理解部分的文章，因此“正确理解英文原文”是指必须根据上下文正确理解英文。

3、对译文的要求是“正确”和“表达清楚”，对汉语不作过高要求。

4、本项目满分为10分，其4题，每题2.5分；每题划分为3-4个给分段，分段的分值为0.5或1；凡分值为0.5者不再细化。

5、添加不必要的词语时，如不影响句义，不扣分；如影响句义，应扣分。

6、如译文与原文的句义相反，即使局部译对，全句也不给分。

7、一题二译时，只按第一个译文给分。

补充说明：
请特别注意第三条、第六条和第七条。

此外，在评分标准最后的注中，有这样一句话，也应当重视：

有些会引起全句意思不当或产生岐义的错误，除局部扣分外，加扣0.5。（这大约相当于原评分标准中句子整体结构的那句话，但仅指的是扣分，而不是给分）

下面分别给出1995年的样题和2000年6月真题的评分标准。

1995年样题及其评分标准

样题：Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: In this part, there are five items which you should translate into Chinese, each item consisting of one or two sentences. These sentences are all taken from the reading passages you have just read in the Third Part of the Test Paper.

You are allowed 15 minutes to do the translation. You can refer back to the passages so as to identify their meanings in the context.

1. (Line 1-3, Para.1, Passage 1)

Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. (Line 2-3, Para.2, Passage 1)

And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. (Line 1-2, Para.5, Passage 2)

Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

4. (Last sentence, Passage 3)

The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

5. (Lines 4-5, Para. 2, Passage 4)

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For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

参考答案及评分标准：（划线部分每点一分）

1. (Line 1-3, Para.1, Passage 1)

Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.

研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑会发生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。（全句结构：0.5）

2. (Line 2-3, Para.2, Passage 1)

And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

习惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，在进入老年以后，要比一个从来不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。（全句结构：0.5）

3. (Line 1-2, Para.5, Passage 2)

Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious.

我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或是由于某种机遇。但成功很少是如此神秘的。（全句结构：0.5）

4. (Last sentence, Passage 3)

The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.

后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及近郊居民上班既费钱又费时间。（全句结构：0.5）

5. (Lines 4-5, Para. 2, Passage 4)

For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.

从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多的关注摄入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。（全句结构：0.5）

2000年6月试题（为了让大家体会“必须根据上下文正确理解英文”来理解原文，现附上阅读理解的原文）

S1. (Lines 1-2, Para. 1, Passage 1) [注：行号系指原试卷上的排版，在我们的页面上，会发生偏差。请大家注意带下划线的句子]

Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team.

标准译法：1998年世界杯被捧走以后很久（0.5），失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定（1）。这些裁定剥夺了他们所支持的球队获胜的机会（1）。

可允许的译法：1998年世界杯结束后很久，失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些使得他们所支持的球队失去胜利的有争议的裁判的判决（罚）。

（注：可允许的译法只是参考，实际评卷时考生的答案五花八门，只要能表达出标准译法的意义，而且没有漏掉要点就可以了。）

S2. (Lines 1-2, Para. 6, Passage 2)

But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

标准译法：但在许多人看来（0.5），穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己（0.5），而且几乎和过去依靠政府救济时生活得一样好（1），这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利（0.5）。

说明：当年许多考生都译成了“穷人们……取得了巨大的胜利”，这就是理解的错误了。另外一个失分的地方是almost as well without government aid as they did with it。当时大多数的人只得了0.5分。

S3. (Lines 5-6, Para. 2, Passage 3)

What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?

标准译法：对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说（0.5），还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法（1）使人们看不出他们的职业身份的呢（1）？

说明：本题重在理解，主要是两处（1）lose professional identity （2）step out of uniform。尤其对于第二点，绝不可直译，而是要译出它的真正意思（所谓的意译）。 事实上，有的考生译得比标准答案要好，是这么译的：

难道还有比脱掉制服更能让护士、警察、理发师或是服务员失去其职业身份标志的方法吗？

S4. (Lines 3-4, Para. 1, Passage 4)

Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.

标准译法：社会支持（0.5）就是（0.5）以人际关系为基础的（0.5）人们之间的（0.5）资源交换（0.5）。

说明：这一题考的主要是阅读时对较陌生的单词的处理能力。本题所在的第四篇文章稍有难度，这一句也是这篇文章的主题所在。文章的第二段就是对这句话的具体说明。如果读完了文章，连它的主题句还不甚了了的话，对文章理解多少就可想而知了。

这里，我们还得重申，翻译不是死的，只要译出它的根本意思就行了。这句话如译成“社会支持包括（或指的是）基于人际关系的资源互换”也是要得满分的。

Passage One

Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.

The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.

Observers noted down the referees' errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.

The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.

There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were movin

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g at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.

If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.

He also says that FIFA's insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.

Passage Two

While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states ?a at least in getting people off welfare. It's estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994.

In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens County have been cut in half. But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than $6 an hour. The result: The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent--twice the national average.

For advocates (代言人)for the poor, that's an indication much more needs to be done.

"More people are getting jobs, but it's not making their lives any better," says Kathy Lairn，a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington.

A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996, a greater percentage of single, femalea2headed households were earning money on their own, but that average income for these households actually went down.

But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

"Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin (毒素) that was poisoning the family," says Robert Rector, a welfarea2reform policy analyst. "The reform is changing the moral climate in lowa2income communities. It's beginning to rebuild the work ethic (道德观)，which is much more important."

Mr. Rector and others argued that once "the habit of dependency is cracked," then the country can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.

Passage Three

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?

Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People have be come conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?

Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.

Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

Passage Four

Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.

Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends

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, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移...注意力)us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support – financial aid, material resources, and needed services – that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems

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