aPassage 18
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century
that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s
orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was
considered untestable, largely because there was no suffi-
(5) ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with which
the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to
determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed
at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery
(10) makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice
volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio
of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sedi-
ments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but
a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
(15) heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the conti-
nental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of
water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually
return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left
behid when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces,
(20) the remaining ocean water becomes progressively
enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can
be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the
period, because these sediments are composed of calcium
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were
(25) constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur-
rounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice
there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the
(30) isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global
record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope
ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different
continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous
record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of <
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aBR>(35) these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated
with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to
establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years
(40) have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every
100,000 years. These data have established a strong
connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and
the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors,
(45) such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount
of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have
affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch
theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit
can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws
(50) of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the
bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information
about other possible factors affecting global climate does
not make them unimportant.
1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research
method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an
accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from
the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method
to test that theory
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2. The author of the passage would be most likely to
agree with which of the following statements about
the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation
for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further
research on volc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the
only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages,
although it has opened up promising possibilities
for future research.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope
record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful
to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen
predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record
taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every
100,000 years.
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(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen
18 in ocean water were not consistent with those
found in fresh water.
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true
of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice
age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments
formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks
on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of
land ice that was present when the sediment was
laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age
than in other climatic conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric
conditions at various times in the past.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation
formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in
continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has
precipitation formed from w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aater on land
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from
fresh water
6. According to the passage, which of the following is (are)
true of the ice ages?
Ⅰ. The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.
Ⅱ. Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least
the last several hundred thousand years.
Ⅲ. Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years
for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) Ⅰ only
(B) Ⅱ only
(C) Ⅲ only
(D) Ⅰand only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ
7. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium
carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice
age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by
land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to
determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the
time the shells were formed
8. The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9. According to the passage, one advantage of studying the
isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken
from rocks on land
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples
are taken from different continental locations
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by
climatologists and experts in other fields
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially
established by analyzing variations in volcanic
emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate
records concerning variations in the amount
of sunlight receive
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ad by the Earth
Passage 19
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority busi-
ness, the sociological analysis contends that minority
business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that
it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for
(5) its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that
support networks play a critical role in starting and
maintaining minority business enterprises by providing
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal
encouragement of family members and friends to
(10) dependable sources of labor and clientele from the
owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which
encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs,
consist of “primary” institutions, those closest to the
individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.
(15) They are characterized by the face-to-face association
and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual
concern. They form an intermediate social level between
the individual and larger “secondary ” institutions based
on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions
(20) comprising the support network include kinship, peer,
and neighborhood or community subgroups.
A major function of self-help networks is financial
support. Most scholars agree that minority business
owners have depended primarily on family funds and
(25) ethnic community resources for investment capital .
Personal
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savings have been accumulated, often through
frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire
family and are thus a product of long-term family finan-
cial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives.
(30) forthcoming because of group obligation rather than
narrow investment calculation, have supplemented
personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not neces-
sarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain finan-
cial backing fr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aom commercial resources. They may actu-
(35) ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs
of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high
interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit
(40) associations have been used to raise capital. These asso-
ciations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted
members of the ethnic group who make regular contri-
butions to a fund that is given to each contributor in
rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New
(45)York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950
utilized such associations as their initial source of
capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth
generations of older groups now employ rotating credit
associations only occasionally to raise investment funds.
(50) Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means
of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.The
first Black-operated banks were created in the late nine-
teenth century as depositories for dues collected from
fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung
(55) from Black churches. Black banks made limited invest-
ments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in
American cities organized many building and loan asso-
ciations to provide capital for home construction and
purchase. They. in turn, provided work for many Irish
(60) home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and
minority groups followed similar practices in founding
ethnic-directed financial institutions.
1. Based on the information in the passage. it would be
LEAST likely for which of the following persons to be
part of a self-help network?
(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend
(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt
(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader
(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor
(E) The entrepreneur’s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 a banker
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-
help support network, as such networks are described
in the passage?
(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping
and accounting as part of its open-enrollment adult
education program.
(B) The local government in a small city sets up a
program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans
to experienced individuals who hope to establish
their own businesses.
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization
develops a program of on-the-job training for its
members and their friends.
(E) A community college offers country residents
training programs that can lead to certification in a
variety of technical trades.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
about rotating credit associations?
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese
immigrants.
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the
investment capital used by Chinese immigrants in
New York in the early twentieth century.
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group
who started businesses in the 1920’s would have
been unlikely to rely on them.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members
of two or three different ethnic groups.
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating
credit associations instead of banks for investment
capital.
4. The passage best supports which of the following
statements?
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from
family members would not be able to start a
business.
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping
entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of
alternatives to standard financing of busin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aess
ventures.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic
groups owe their success to their unique formal
o
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rganization.
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed
primarily because of the personal strengths of their
founders.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization
of the second paragraph?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a
counterargument.
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are
provided to illustrate it.
(C) A situation is described and its historical
background is then outlined.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then
used as a basis for general conclusions.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the
distinctions among the incidents are then clarified.
6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned
business is established, self-help networks contribute
which of the following to that business?
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the
business into nearby communities
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly
free of direct competition
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest
profits in other minority-owned businesses
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers
of the new business
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are
members of other ethnic groups
7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional
analyses of minority business would be LEAST likely
to do which of the following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social
contexts
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples
of business enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of individual
entrepreneurs in starting businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather
than means of starting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 a them
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in
starting a business
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the Irish building and loan
associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) They were started by third-or fourth-generation
immigrants.
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related
groups.
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to
finance business not connected with construction.
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish
construction workers.
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses
owned by members of other ethnic groups.
Passage 20
Species interdependence in nature confers many
benefits on the species involved, but it can also become a
point of weakness when one species involved in the rela-
tionship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus, flowering
(5) plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed
to self-pollination or wind pollination, could be endan-
gered when the population of insect-pollinators is depleted
by the use of pesticides.
In the forests of New Brunswick, for example,
(10) various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years
in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economi-
cally significant pest. Scientists have now investigated
the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti-
budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators.
(15) They studied Matacil’s effects on insect mortality in a
wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecun-
dity, expressed as the percentage of the total flowers on
an individual plant that actually developed fruit and
bore seeds. They found that the most pronounced
(20) mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among
the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were
all important pollinator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 as of numerous species of plants
growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The fecun-
dity of plants in one common indigenous species, the
(25) red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the
sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in control
plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This species is
highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulner-
able to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a species similar
(30) to the red-osier dogwood, but which is pollinated by
large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant
decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not affected by
the spraying of Matacil. these results and weight to the
argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensi-
(35) tive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.
The question of whether the decrease in plant fecun-
dity caused by the sprayi
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ng of pesticides actually causes
a decline in the overall population of flowering plant
species still remains unanswered. Plant species dependent
(40) solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously
more vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that
occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand, vegeta-
tive growth and dispersal (by means of shoots or runners)
are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a
(45) species, then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little
consequence. The fecundity effects described here are
likely to have the most profound impact on plant species
with all four of the following characteristics: a short life
span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vege-
(50) tative propagation, and a dependence on a small number
of insect-pollinator species. Perhaps we should give special
attention to the conservation of such plant species since
they lack key factors in their defenses against the envi-
ronmental disruption caused by pesticide use.
1. Whi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ach of the following best summarizes the main point
of the passage?
(A) Species interdependence is a point of weakness for
some plants, but is generally beneficial to insects
involved in pollination.
(B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have had
deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood.
(C) The used of pesticides may be endangering certain
plant species dependent on insects for pollination.
(D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity
of a plant species, but probably does not affect its
overall population stability.
(E) Plant species lacking key factors in their defenses
against human environmental disruption will
probably become extinct.
2. According to the author, a flowering plant species whose
fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying may
not experience an overall population decline if the plant
species can do which of the following?
(A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners.
(B) Survive to the end of the growing season.
(C) Survive in harsh climates.
(D) Respond to the fecundity decline by producing more
flowers.
(E) Attract large insects as pollinators
3. The passage suggests that the lack of an observed
decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood
strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding
pesticide use because the
(A) creeping dogwood its a species that does not
resemble other forest plants
(B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a
broader range of insect species than are most
dogwood species
(C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that
were not sprayed with pesticide, and so served as a
control for the experiment
(D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier
dogwood, but its insect pollinators are known to be
insensitive to the pesticide used in the study
similar to that of the red-osier dogwood, but the
latter species relies less on seeds for reproduction
4. The passage suggests that which of the following is true
of the forest regions in New Brunswick sprayed with
most anti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil?
(A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in those
regions may have decreased to an even greater
degree than in the regions where Matacil is used.
(B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly
among the larger species of insects, such as
bumblebees.
(C) The number of seeds produced by common plant
species in those regions is probably comparable to
the number produced where Matacil is sprayed.
(D) Many more plant species have become extinct in
those regions than in the regions where Matacil is
used.
(E) The spruce budworm is under better control in those
regions than in the regions where Matacil is sprayed.
5. It can be inferred that which of the following is true of
plant fecundity as it is defined in the passage?
(A) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the percentage of
unpollinated flowers on the plant increases
(B) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the number of
flowers produced by the plant decreases.
(C) A plant’s fecundity increases as the number of
flowers produced by the plant increases.
(D) A plant’s fecundity is usually low if the plant relies
on a small number of insect species for polli
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nation.
(E) A plant’s fecundity is high if the plant can reproduce
quickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by
the production of seeds.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following plant species would be LEAST likely to
experience a decrease in fecundity as a result of the
spraying of a pesticide not directly to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 axic to plants?
(A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect
species
(B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few
flowers
(C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived
(D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of
insect species
(E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger
insects
7. Which of the following assumptions most probably
underlies the author’s tentative recommendation in
lines 51-54?
(A) Human activities that result in environmental
disruption should be abandoned.
(B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into the
future.
(C) It is economically beneficial to preserve endan-
gered plant species.
(D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is less
costly than trying to save an already endangered
one.
(E) Conservation efforts aimed at preserving a few well-
chosen species are more cost-effective than are
broader-based efforts to improve the environment.
Passage 21
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early
history of the United States by applying new social
research findings on the experiences of European
migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the
(5)organizing principle for rewriting the history of prein-
dustrial North America. His approach rests on four
separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early
modern England moved regularly about their coun-
(10) tryside; migrating to the New World was simply a
“natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held
little positive attraction for the English---they would
rather have stayed home-by the eighteenth century
people increasingly migrated to America because they
(15) regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn
holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in
Americ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aa history textbooks, there was never a typical
New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns
(20) varied considerably.
Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general
patterns prevailing among the many thousands of
migrants: one group came as indentured servants,
another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn
(25) suggests that those who recruited indentured servants
were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These
colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social char-
acter of people who came to preindustrial North America.
At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited;
(30) by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded
skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-
civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He
is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were
(35) part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the
empire into English core and colonial periphery, as
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial
culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in
the colonies never matched that in England. But what
(40) of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers
created effective laws, built a distinguished university,
and published books? Bailyn might respond that New
England was exceptional. However, the ideas and insti-
tutions developed by New England Puritans had power-
(45) ful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to
some thousands of indentured servants who migrated
just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experi-
ence with the political development of the United States.
(50) Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might
make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for the period du
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aring which they had
sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising
that as soon as they served their time they passed up
(55) good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their
personal independence by acquiring la
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nd. Thus, it is in
the west that a peculiarly American political culture
began, among colonists who were suspicious of
authority and intensely antiaristocratic.
1. Which of the following statements about migrants to
colonial North America is supported by information in
the passage?
(A) A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North
America came as indentured servants than as free
agents interested in acquiring land.
(B) Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured
servants were more successful at making a
livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
(C) Migrants to colonial North America were more
successful at acquiring their own land during the
eighteenth century than during the seven-tenth
century.
(D) By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a
trade were in more demand by American
employers than were unskilled laborers.
(E) A significant percentage of migrants who came to
the colonies to acquire land were forced to work as
field hands for prosperous American farmers.
2. The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to
(A) give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political
interdependence of the colonies and England
(B) describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic
backgrounds preserved their culture in the united
States
(C) take advantage of social research on the experi-
ences of colonists who migrated to colonial North
America specifically to acquire land
(D) relate the experience of the migrants to the political
values that eventually shaped the character of the
United States
(E) in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 avestigate the lives of Europeans before they came
to colonial North America to determine more
adequately their motivations for migrating
3. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s
evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth proposition?
(A) It is totally implausible.
(B) It is partially correct.
(C) It is highly admirable.
(D) It is controversial though persuasive.
(E) It is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
4. According to the passage, Bailyn and the author agree
on which of the following statements about the culture
of colonial New England?
(A) High culture in New England never equaled the high
culture of England.
(B) The cultural achievements of colonial New
England have generally been unrecognized by
historians.
(C) The colonists imitated the high culture of England,
and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their
own.
(D) The southern colonies were greatly influenced by
the high culture of New England.
(E) New England communities were able to create laws
and build a university, but unable to create anything
innovative in the arts.
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true
of English migrants to the colonies during the
eighteenth century?
(A) Most of them were farmers rather than trades
people or artisans.
(B) Most of them came because they were unable
to find work in England.
(C) They differed from other English people in that
they were willing to travel.
(D) They expected that the colonies would offer
them increased opportunity.
(E) They were generally not as educated as the
people who remained in England.
6. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) comparing several current interpretations of early
American history
(B) suggesting that new social research on migration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 a should lead to revisions in current interpretations of
early American history
(C) providing the theoretical framework that is used by
most historians in understanding early American
history
(D) refuting an argument about early American history
that has been proposed by social historians
(E) discussing a reinterpretation of early American
history that is based on new social research on
migration
7. It can be inferred from the passage that American
history textbooks used to assert that
(A) many migrants to colonial North America were not
successful financially
(B) more migrants came to America out of religious or
political conviction that came in the hope of
acquiring land
(C) New England communities were much alike in
terms of their economics and demographics
(D) many migrants to colonial North America failed to
maintain ties with their European relations
(E) t
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he level of literacy in New England communities
was very high
8. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree
with which of the following statements about Bailyn’s
work?
(A) Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought
on North American culture
(B) Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of
the colonies on Great Britain.
(C) Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an
Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.
(D) Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific
group of migrants to colonial North America.
(E) Bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of migrants
to the New England colonies, and neglects the
southern and the western parts of the New World.
Passage 22
Many United States companies have, unfortunately,
made the search for legal protection from import
competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the
Unite
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ad States International Trade Commission (ITC)
(5) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage
from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign
governments. Another 340 charge that foreign compa-
nies “dumped” their products in the United States at
“less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices
(10) are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has been
injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for
import relief has hurt more companies than it has
helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
(15) develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and
research relationships, The complexity of these relation-
ships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief
laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under
the same parent company.
(20)Internationalization increases the danger that foreign
companies will use import relief laws against the very
companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a
United States-owned company establishes an overseas
plant to manufacture a product while its competitor
(25) makes the same product in the United States. If the
competitor can prove injury from the imports---and
that the United States company received a subsidy from
a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompeti-
(30) tive in the United States, since they would be subject to
duties.
Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC
investigated allegations that Canadian companies were
injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
(35) rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the
complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United
States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United
States” company cl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aaiming injury was a subsidiary of a
(40) Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the
second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
(A) arguing against the increased internationalization of
United States corporations
(B) warning that the application of laws affecting trade
frequently has unintended consequences
(C) demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more
subsidies from their governments than United States
firms receive from the United States government
(D) advocating the use of trade restrictions for
“dumped” products but not for other imports
(E) recommending a uniform method for handling
claims of unfair trade practices
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal
basis for a complaint to the International Trade
Commission is which of the following?
(A) A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a
foreign government.
(B) A foreign competitor has substantially increased the
volume of products shipped to the United States.
(C) A foreign competitor is selling products in the
United States at less than fair market value.
(D) The company requesting import relief has been
injured by the sale of imports in the United States.
(E) The company requesting import relief has been
barred from exporting products to the country of its
foreign competitor.
3. The last paragraph performs which of the following
functions in the passage?
(A) It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests
additional areas of research.
(B
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) It presents a recommendation based on the evidence
presented earlier.
(C) It discusses an exceptional case in which the results
expected by the author of the passage were not
obtained.
(D) It introduces an
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aadditional area of concern not
mentioned earlier.
(E) It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem
presented more generally in the previous paragraph.
4. The passage warns of which of the following dangers?
(A) Companies in the United States may receive no
protection from imports unless they actively seek
protection from import competition.
(B) Companies that seek legal protection from import
competition may incur legal costs that far exceed
any possible gain.
(C) Companies that are United States-owned but operate
internationally may not be eligible for protection
from import competition under the laws of the
countries in which their plants operate.
(D) Companies that are not United States-owned may
seek legal protection from import competition under
United States import relief laws.
(E) Companies in the United States that import raw
materials may have to pay duties on those materials.
5. The passage suggests that which of the following is
most likely to be true of United States trade laws?
(A) They will eliminate the practice of “dumping”
products in the United States.
(B) They will enable manufacturers in the United
States to compete more profitably outside the
United States.
(C) They will affect United States trade with Canada
more negatively than trade with other nations.
(D) Those that help one unit within a parent company
will not necessarily help other units in the company.
(E) Those that are applied to international companies
will accomplish their intended result.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the author
believes which of the following about the complaint
mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant
in its investigation.
(B) The complaint violated the intent of import rel
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 aief
laws.
(C) The response of the ITC to the complaint provided
suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the
complainant.
(D) The ITC did not have access to appropriate
information concerning the case.
(E) Each of the companies involved in the complaint
acted in its own best interest.
7. According to the passage, companies have the general
impression that International Trade Commission import
relief practices have
(A) caused unpredictable fluctuations in volumes of
imports and exports
(B) achieved their desired effect only under unusual
circumstances
(C) actually helped companies that have requested
import relief
(D) been opposed by the business community
(E) had less impact on international companies than the
business community expected
8. According to the passage, the International Trade
Commission is involved in which of the following?
(A) Investigating allegations of unfair import
competition
(B) Granting subsidies to companies in the United States
that have been injured by import competition
(C) Recommending legislation to ensure fair
(D) Identifying international corporations that wish to
build plants in the United States
(E) Assisting corporations in the United States that wish
to compete globally
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