aPassage 37
Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of
manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile
industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that
Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment
(5) and techniques as United States firms but have bene-
fited from the unique characteristics of Japanese
employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this
were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants
in the United States to perform no better than factories
(10) run by United States companies. This is not the case,
Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United
States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated
higher levels of productivity when compared with facto-
ries owned by United States companies.
(15)Other observers link high Japanese productivity to
higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a
historical perspective leads to a different conclusion.
When the two top Japanese automobile makers
matched and then doubled United States productivity
(20) levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per
employee was comparable to that of United States
firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of
fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was
roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.
(25) Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had
to be other factors that led to higher productivity.
A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese
production techniques. Japanese automobile producers
did not simply implement conventional processes more
(30) effectively: they made critical changes in United States
procedures. For instance, the mass-production philos-
ophy of United States automakers encouraged the
production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully
expensive, component-specific equipment and to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a(35) occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute
one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to
make small-lot production feasible by introducing
several departures from United States practices,
including the use of flexible equipment that could be
(40) altered easily to do several different production tasks
and the training of workers in multiple jobs.
Automakers could schedule the production of different
components or models on single machines, thereby
eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra
(45) components that result when specialized equipment
and workers are kept constantly active.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present the major steps of a process
(B) clarify an ambiguity
(C) chronicle a dispute
(D) correct misconceptions
(E) defend an accepted approach
2. The author suggests that if the observers of Japan
mentioned in line 3 were correct, which of the following
would be the case?
(A) The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants
would be different from the equipment used in
United States plants.
(B) Japanese workers would be trained to do several
different production jobs.
(C) Culture would not have an influence on the
productivity levels of workers.
(D) The workers in Japanese-run plants would have
higher productivity levels regardless of where they
were located.
(E) The production levels of Japanese-run plants located
in the United States would be equal to those of
plants run by United States companies.
3. Which of the following statements concerning the
productivity levels of automakers can be inferred from
the passage?
(A) Prior to the 1960’s, the productivity levels of the top
Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of
United States automakers.
(B) The culture of a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 acountry has a large effect on the
productivity levels of its automakers.
(C) During the late 1970’s and early 1980’s,
productivity levels were comparable in Japan and
the United States.
(D) The greater the number of cars that are produced in
a single lot, the higher a plant’s productivity level.
(E) The amount of capital investment made by
automobile manufacturers in their factories
determines the level of productivity.
4. According to the passage, which of the following
statements is true of Japanese automobile workers?
(A) Their productivity levels did not equal those of
United States automobile workers until
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
the late
seventies.
(B) Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of
cultural influences.
(C) They operate component-specific machinery.
(D) They are trained to do more than one job.
(E) They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in
United States factories.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization
of the first paragraph?
(A) A thesis is presented and supporting examples are
provided.
(B) Opposing views are presented, classified, and then
reconciled.
(C) A fact is stated, and an explanation is advanced and
then refuted.
(D) A theory is proposed, considered, and then
amended.
(E) An opinion is presented, qualified, and then
reaffirmed.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that one problem
associated with the production of huge lots of cars is
which of the following?
(A) The need to manufacture flexible machinery and
equipment
(B) The need to store extra components not required for
immediate use
(C) The need for expensive training programs for
workers, which emphasize the development of
facility in several production jobs.
(D) The need to alter conventional mass-production
pro
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 acesses
(E) The need to increase the investment per vehicle in
order to achieve high productivity levels
7. Which of the following statements is supported by
information stated in the passage?
(A) Japanese and United States automakers differ in
their approach to production processes.
(B) Japanese automakers have perfected the use of
single-function equipment.
(C) Japanese automakers invest more capital per
employee than do United States automakers.
(D) United States-owned factories abroad have higher
production levels than do Japanese owned plants in
the United States.
(E) Japanese automakers have benefited from the
cultural heritage of their workers.
8. With which of the following predictive statement
regarding Japanese automakers would the author
most likely agree?
(A) The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers
will decline if they become less flexible in their
approach to production
(B) Japanese automakers productivity levels double
during the late 1990’s.
(C) United States automakes will originate net
production processes before Japanese automakers
do.
(D) Japanese automakers will hire fewer workers than
will United States automakers because each worker
is required to perform several jobs.
(E) Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment
repairs than will United States automakers because
Japanese equipment can be easily altered.
Passage 38
It was once believed that the brain was independent
of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body.
In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the
production and release in brain neurons of the neuro-
(5) transmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds
that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells)
depend directly on the food that the bo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ady processes.
Our first studies sought to determine whether the
increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injec-
(10)tion of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after
rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the
blood. We found that, immediately after the rats began
to eat, parallel elevations occurred in blood tryptophan,
brain tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. These find-
(15) ings suggested that the production and release of sero-
tonin in brain neurons were normally coupled with
blood-tryptophan increases. In later studies we found
that injecting insulin into a rat’s bloodstream also caused
parallel elevations in blood and brain tryptophan levels
(20) and in serotonin levels. We then decided to see whether
the secretion of the animal’s own insulin similarly affected
serotonin production. We gave the rats a carbohydrate-
containing meal that we knew would elicit insulin secre-
tion. As we had hypothesized, the blood tryptophan
(25) level and the concentrations of tryptophan
serotonin in the brain increased after the meal.
Surprisingly, however, when we added a large
amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan and
serotonin levels fell. Since protein contains tryptophan,
(30)why should it depress brain tryptophan
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levels? The
answer lies in the mechanism that provides blood tryp-
tophan to the brain cells. This same mechanism also
provides the brain cells with other amino acids found in
protein, such as tyrosine and leucine. The consumption
(35) of protein increases blood concentration of the other
amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does
that of tryptophan. The more protein in the meal, the
lower is the ratio of the resulting blood-tryptophan
concentration to the concentration of competing amino
(40) acids, and the more slowly is tryptophan provided
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a to
the brain. Thus the more protein in a meal, the less
serotonin subsequently produced and released.
1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the
contents of the passage?
(A) Neurotransmitters: Their Crucial Function in
Cellular Communication
(B) Diet and Survival: An Old Relationship Reexamined
(C) The Blood Supply and the Brain: A Reciprocal
Dependence
(D) Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: The
Connection Between Serotonin Levels and Tyrosine
(E) The Effects of Food Intake on the Production and
Release of Serotonin: Some Recent Findings
2. According to the passage, the speed with which
tryptophan is provided to the brain cells of a rat varies
with the
(A) amount of protein present in a meal
(B) concentration of serotonin in the brain before a meal
(C) concentration of leucine in the blood rather than on
the concentration of tyrosine in the blood after a
meal
(D) concentration of tryptophan in the brain before a
meal
(E) number of serotonin-containing neurons present in
the brain before a meal
3. According to the passage, when the authors began their
first studies, they were aware that
(A) they would eventually need to design experiments
that involved feeding rats high concentrations of
protein
(B) tryptophan levels in the blood were difficult to
monitor with accuracy
(C) serotonin levels increased after rats were fed meals
rich in tryptophan
(D) there were many neurotransmitters whose
production was dependent on metabolic processes
elsewhere in the body.
(E) serotonin levels increased after rats were injected
with a large amount of tryptophan
4. According to the passage, one reason that the authors
gave rats carbohydrates was to
(A) depress the rats’ tryptophan levels
(B) prevent the rats from contractin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ag diseases
(C) cause the rats to produce insulin
(D) demonstrate that insulin is the most important
substance secreted by the body
(E) compare the effect of carbohydrates with the effect
of proteins
5. According to the passage, the more protein a rat
consumes, the lower will be the
(A) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to
the amount of serotonin produced and released in the
rat’s brain
(B) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to
the concentration in its blood of the other amino
acids contained in the protein
(C) ratio of the rat’s blood-tyrosine concentration to its
blood-leucine concentration
(D) number of neurotransmitters of any kind that the rat
will produce and release
(E) number of amino acids the rat’s blood will contain
6. The authors’ discussion of the “mechanism that provides
blood tryptophan to the brain cells” (lines 31-32) is
meant to
(A) stimulate further research studies
(B) summarize an area of scientific investigation
(C) help explain why a particular research finding was
obtained
(D) provide supporting evidence for a controversial
scientific theory
(E) refute the conclusions of a previously mentioned
research study
7. According to the passage, an injection of insulin was
most similar in its effect on rats to an injection of
(A) tyrosine
(B) leucine
(C) blood
(D) tryptophan
(E) protein
8. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following would be LEAST likely to be a potential
source of aid to a patient who was not adequately
producing and releasing serotonin?
(A) Meals consisting almost exclusively of protein
(B) Meals consisting almost exclusively of
carbohydrates
(C) Meals that would elicit insulin secretion
(D) Meals that had very low concentrati
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aons of tyrosine
(E) Meals that had very low concentrations of leucine
9. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors
initially held which of the following hypotheses about
what would happen when they fed large amounts of
protein to rats?
(A) The rats’ brain serotonin levels would not decrease.
(B) The rats’ brain tryptophan levels would decrease
(C) The rats’ tyrosine levels would increase less quickly
than would their leucine levels
(D) The rats would produce more insulin.
(E) The rats would produce neurotransmitters other than
serotonin.
Passage 39
Historians sometimes forget that history is conunu-
ally being made and experienced before it is studied,
interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their
own history, of course, which may impinge in unex-
(5)pected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict
when “new pasts” will overturn established historical
interpretations and change the course of history.
In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward
delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia
(10) which challenged the prevailling dogma concerning the
history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation
in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only
codified traditional practice but also were a determined
(15) effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black
people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s.
This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in
Part from the research that Woodward had done for the
NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for
(20) Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had
issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few
months before Woodward’s lectures.
The lectures were soon publish
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aed as a book. The
Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a
(25) preface to the second revised edition. Woodward
confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition
“had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that
might be expected in a history of the American Revolu-
tion published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing
(30)Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet
Common Sense, which had a comparable impact.
Although Common Sense also had a mass readership.
Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a
historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the
(35) dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine,
Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary
moment, and of how historical evidence could under-
mine the mythological tradition that was crushing the
dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King,
(40) Jr.. testified to the profound effect of The Strange
Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by
praising the book and quoting it frequently.
1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be
described as the
(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past
events
(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and
reading new historical writing
(C) change in people’s understanding of the past due to
more recent historical writing
(D) overturning of established historical interpretations
by politically motivated politicians
(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical
interpretation will be overturned
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailling
dogma” (line 10) held that
(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to
well-established discriminatory practices in the
South
(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and
uniformity in th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ae discriminatory practices of
different southern states.
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social gains
that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was
disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect
of earlier Jim Crow laws
3. Which of the following is the best example of writing
that is likely to be subject to the kinds of “handicaps”
referred to in line 27?
(A) A his
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
tory of an auto manufacturing plant written byan employee during an autobuying boom
(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregation plan
written by an elementary school teacher in that state
(C) A newspaper article assessing the historical
importance of a United States President written
shortly after the President has taken office
(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of a
certain surgical technique written by the surgeon
who developed the technique
(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battle written
by a soldier who participated in the battle
4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and
Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways
EXCEPT:
(A) Both had works published in the midst of important
historical events.
(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread
popularity.
(C) Both exhibited an understanding of the relevance of
historical evidence to contemporary issues.
(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events
following their publication.
(E) Both were able to set aside worries about historical
anachronism in order to reach and inspire.
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the
work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of
(A) respectful
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy
6. Which of the following best describes the new idea
expressed by C. Vann Woodward in his University of
Virginia lectures in 1954?
(A) Southern racial segregation was continuous and
uniform.
(B) Black people made considerable progress only after
Reconstruction.
(C) Jim Crow legislation was conventional in nature.
(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifying
traditional practice as they might have.
(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merely reinforce
a tradition of segregation.
Passage 40
Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excel-
lent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the
Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries-
including rare material from Black soldiers-and concen-
(5) rates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black
regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glathaar’s title
expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among
White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the
mutual dangers they faced in combat.
(10 ) Glarthaar accurately describes the government’s discrim-
inatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medi
cal care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing
the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the
opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through
(15) out the war by army policies that kept most Black units
serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor
battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only
one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from
disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great.
(20) Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of
several Black units in combat w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aon increasing respect from
initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White
officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect
of all the army.”
(25) In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudi-
nal change, however, Glarthaar seems to exaggerate the
prewar racism of the White men who became officers in
Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these
men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.”
(30) While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black
units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this state-
ment misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists
who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent
years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in Ameri-
(35)can society; they participated eagerly in this military exper-
iment, which they hoped would help African Americans
achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current
standards of racial egalitarianism, these men’s paternalism
toward African Americans was racist. But to call their
(40)feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in
generational chauvinism-to judge past eras by present
standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
be characterized as which of
the following?
(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study
(B) A description of an attitudinal change
(C) A discussion of an analytical defect
(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
(E) An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author, which of the following is true of
Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies
on the same topic?
(A) It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture
of the historical events on which it concentrates than do
previous studies.
(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source material and
focuses more clos
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aely on a particular aspect of the topic
than do previous studies.
(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it
rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous
studies.
(D) It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it
accurately describes conditions often neglected by those
studies.
(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a
subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers
specifically to which of the following?
(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black
soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War
experiences
(B) The civil equality that African Americans achieved after
the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of
organizational skills honed by combat
(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies that were
made as a direct result of the performance of Black
combat units during the Civil War
(D) The improved interracial relations that were formed by
the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging
of a common fight during the Civil War
(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be
adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’
repudiation of the previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an
important theme that receives special emphasis in
Glarthaar’s book?
(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by
Black soldiers
(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units
(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying
for promotions
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of
Black units’ d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aisease mortality rates in the Civil War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates
of White units.
(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of
these units when in combat.
(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these
units’ usual duty assignments.
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in
Black combat units.
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused
by the army’s discriminatory policies.
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines
23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the
contention that
(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes
toward Black soldiers
(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves
from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White
units
(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the
attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the
performance of Black units in battle
(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to
those units, whether Black or White, that performed well
in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error
attributed to Glarthaar in lines 25-28?
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two
groups of individuals in order to render an argument
concerning them internally consistent
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation
of a situation with evidence that is not particularly
relevant to the situation
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain
individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative
evaluation of their actions
(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
event in such a way that the contrast w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aith those
prevailing after the event appears more striking than it
actually is
(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event
merely because the other event occurred before the given
event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as
indulging in “generational chauvinism” (lines 40-41) as that
practice is defined in the passage?
(A) Condemning a present-day monarch merely because
many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common
in one’s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of
those standards is intolerable
(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an
employee merely because of the employee’s gender.
(D) Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past
eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational
beliefs today.
(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt”
for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered
intolerable today.
Passage 41
It was once assumed that all living things could be
divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellu-
lar organisms, are eukaryotic-their large, complex cells
(5) have a well-formed nucles and many organelles. On the
other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which
are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between
eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of
subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ulti-
(10) mately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For
instance, they translate genetic information into proteins
according to the same type of genetic coding. But even
where the molecular processes are the same, the details in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a(15) the two forms are different and characteristic of the respec-
tive forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of vari-
ous enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
The differences between the groups and the similarities
within each group made it seem certain to most biologists
(20) that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, argu-
ments pointing out the extent of both structural and func-
tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria
convinced many biologists that the precursors of the
eukaryotes must have diverged from the common
(25) ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by
more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one
respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and
(30) from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are
three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for deter-
mining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms
have produced evolutionary information about the degree
to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged
(35) from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ances-
tral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly
suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a
large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebac-
teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that
far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to
replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms
with a dichotomous one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the
current hypothesis concerning the number of basic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a
categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof
that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been
expected.
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and
function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria,
and eukaryotes
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of
evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the
prokaryotes
2. According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells at
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the molecular level supported
the conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and cukaryotes form two fundamental
categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar
enzymes
3. According to the passage, which of the following
statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to
be true?
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true
bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in
eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic
cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form
multicellular organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great
variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the
similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important
distinction among prokaryotes.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following have recently been compared in order to
clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other
prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true
bacteria, and eukaryote
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 as
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms
and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true
bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various
eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in
archaebecterial species
5. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were
applied in studies of biological classifications other than
bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be
reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified
(C) It will be determined that there are four main
categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older
than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of
the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.
6. According to the passage, researchers working under the
two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex
properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned
differently from their modern counterparts.
7. All of the following statements are supported by the passage
EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true
bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of
genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the
subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for
eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
8. The author’s attitude toward the view that livin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ag things are
divided into three categories is best described as one of
(A) tentative acceptance
(B) mild skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious oriticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
Passage 42
Excess inventory, a massive problem for many busi-
nesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable.
Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or
errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With
(5) some products-computers and software, toys, and
books-last year’s models are difficult to move even at
huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a
better product. But in many cases the public’s buying tastes
simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with
(10 ) thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no
longer wants.
One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to
sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and
then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount
(15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less
for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to
dispose of exce
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ss inventory is to dump it. The corporation
takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the
merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe,
(20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is
perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the
company’s part, and solves the problem quickly. The draw-
back is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news
media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a
(25) public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are
freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snow-
suits to the local dump. Parents of young children are
barely getting by and QPS Company dumps 1,000 cases of
disposable di
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 aapers because they have slight imperfections.
(30) The managers of these companies are not deliberately
wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives.
In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible
incentive for businesses to contribute their products to char-
ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the
(35)cost of the product donated plus half the difference
between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso
that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal
government sanctions-indeed, encourages-an above-cost
federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory
to charity.
1. The author mentions each of the following as a cause of
excess inventory EXCEPT
(A) production of too much merchandise
(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers’ preferences
(C) unrealistic pricing policies
(D) products’ rapid obsolescence
(E) availability of a better product
2. The passage suggests that which of the following is a
kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount
stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?
(A) Furniture
(B) Computers
(C) Kitchen equipment
(D) Baby-care products
(E) Children’s clothing
3. The passage provides information that supports which of
the following statements?
(A) Excess inventory results most often from
insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.
(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may
contribute to excess inventory.
(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the
changes in the federal tax laws.
(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are
often caught and exposed by the news media.
(E) Most products available in discount stores have
come from manufacturers’ excess-inventory stock.
4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 mostprobably
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a in order to illustrate
(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for
dealing with excess inventory
(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new
products creates
(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a
policy
(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different
companies
(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the
detriment of the manufacturer’s reputation
5. By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware”
(line 31), the author suggests which of the following?
(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
(B) The federal government has failed to provide
sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make
use of advantageous tax policies.
(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess
inventory are not aware of the possible effects on
their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.
(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by
dumping are unaware of the needs of those people
who would find the products useful.
(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory
are not familiar with the employment of liquidators
to dispose of overstock.
6. The information in the passage suggests that which of
the following, if true, would make donating excess inv
entory to charity less attractive to manufacturers than
dumping?
(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable
destination are greater than the above-cost tax
deduction.
(B) The news media give manufacturers’ charitable
contributions the same amount of coverage that they
give dumping.
(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for items
that are dumped.
(D) T
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he fair-market value of an item in excess inventory
is 1.5 times its co
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ast.
(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a
change in the public’s preferences.
7. Information in the passage suggests that one reason
manufacturers might take advantage of the tax provision
mentioned in the last paragraph is that
(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot be
legally dumped in a landfill
(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products with
slight imperfections
(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of
manufacturing the product
(D) media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory
products to charity is widespread and favorable
(E) no tax deduction is available for products dumped or
sold to a liquidator
Passage 43
Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first
largely disregarded the story of female service workers
-women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk.
domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians
(5) focused instead on factory work, primarily because it
seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s
work” in the home, and because the underlying economic
forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind
and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emanci-
(10) pation has been less profound than expected, for not even
industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segre-
gation in the workplace.
To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of
women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the
( 15) way a prevailing definition of femininity often etermines
the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such
allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance,
early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s
employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption
(20) that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and
pa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 atient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners
thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereo-
types associated with the homemaking activities they
presumed to have been the purview of women. Because
(25) women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks
more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded
as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s
“real” aspirations were for marriage and family life.
declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of
(30) men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs
came to be perceived as “female.”
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence
of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once
an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers
(35) showed surprisingly little interest in changing that
perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite
the urgent need of the United States during the Second
World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job
segregation by sex characterized even the most important
40) war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers
quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that
women had been permitted to master.
1. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the
United States was
(A) greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the
Second World War
(B) perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued
in favor of women’s employment in wage labor
(C) one means by which women achieved greater job
security
(D) reluctantly challenged by employers except when
the economic advantages were obvious
(E) a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile
industry
2. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor
focused on factory work as a more promising area of
research than
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a service-sector work because factory work
(A) involved the payment of higher wages
(B) required skill in detailed tasks
(C) was assumed to be less characterized by sex
segregation
(D) was more readily accepted by women than by men
(E) fitted the economic dynamic of industrialism better
3. It can be inferred from the passage that early historians
of women’s labor in the United States paid little
attention
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to women’s employment in the service sector
of the economy because
(A) the extreme variety of these occupations made it
very difficult to assemble meaningful statistics about
them
(B) fewer women found employment in the service
sector than in factory work
(C) the wages paid to workers in the service sector were
much lower than those paid in the industrial sector
(D) women’s employment in the service sector tended to
be much more short-term than in factory work
(E) employment in the service sector seemed to have
much in common with the unpaid work associated
with homemaking
4. The passage supports which of the following statements
about the early mill owners mentioned in the second
paragraph?
(A) They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive
“female” jobs they would discourage women from
losing interest in marriage and family life.
(B) They sought to increase the size of the available
labor force as a means to keep men’s to keep men’s
wages low.
(C) They argued that women were inherently suited to
do well in particular kinds of factory work.
(D) They thought that factory work bettered the
condition of women by emancipating them from
dependence on income earned by men.
(E) They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional
division of labor in family.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished
revolution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a” the author mentions in line 13 refers to
the
(A) entry of women into the industrial labor market
(B) recognition that work done by women as
homemakers should be compensated at rates
comparable to those prevailing in the service sector
of the economy
(C) development of a new definition of femininity
unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism
(D) introduction of equal pay for equal work in all
professions
(E) emancipation of women wage earners from gender-
determined job allocation
6. The passage supports which of the following statements
about hiring policies in the United States?
(A) After a crisis many formerly “male” jobs are
reclassified as “female” jobs.
(B) Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women
with previous experience as homemakers.
(C) Post-Second World War hiring policies caused
women to lose many of their wartime gains in
employment opportunity.
(D) Even war industries during the Second World War
were reluctant to hire women for factory work.
(E) The service sector of the economy has proved more
nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the
manufacturing sector.
7. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion
of the author of the passage concerning the notion that
women are more skillful than men in carrying out
detailed tasks?
(A) “patient” (line 21)
(B) “repetitive” (line 21)
(C) “hoary” (line 22)
(D) “homemaking” (line 23)
(E) “purview” (line 24)
8. Which of the following best describes the relationship of
the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?(A) The central idea is reinforced by the citation of
evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.
(B) The central idea is restated in such a way as to form
a transition to a new topic for discussion.
(C) The central id
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a, ea is restated and juxtaposed with
evidence that might appear to contradic it.
(D) A partial exception to the generalizations of the
central idea is dismissed as unimportant.
(E) Recent history is cited to suggest that the central
idea’s validity is gradually diminishing.
Passage 44
According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz
vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from
magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike
bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is
(5) contrary to the widely held view that the systems were
deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that
formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.
he recently developed theory has considerable practical
importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during
(10) the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface
and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial
gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods.
Although these same methods still lead to an oc
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