aPassage 55
Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth
in temporary employment that occurred in the United
states during the 1980’s to increased participation in
the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or
(5)reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrange-
ments. However, statistical analyses reveal that demo-
graphic changes in the workforce did not correlate with
variations in the total number of temporary workers.
Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting.
(10) employers account for the rise in temporary employ-
ment. One factor is product demand: temporary
employment is favored by employers who are adapting
to fluctuating demand for products while at the same
time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another
(15) factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which
allows employers more control over the terms of
employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that
growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the
level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of
(20) groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be
discouraged from creating excessive numbers of tem-
porary positions. Government policymakers should
consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary
employees, promoting pay equity between temporary
(25) and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in orga-
nizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to
assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who
explicitly indicate that preference.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present the results of statistical analyses and propose
further studies.
(B) explain a recent development and predict its
eventual consequences.
(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend
measures to address it.
(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon and
advocate one of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 athem
(E) describe the potential consequences of implementing
a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true
of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned
in lines
9-10?
(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the
growth in temporary employment that occurred
during the 1980’s.
(B) They may account for the increase in the total
number of temporary workers during the 1980’s.
(C) They were less important than demographic change
in accounting for the increase of temporary
employment during the 1980’s.
(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of labor
during the 1980’s.
(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other
factors involved in the growth of temporary
employment during the 1980’s.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about the
use of temporary employment by firms during the
1980’s?
(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product
demand far more efficiently than they before the
1980’s.
(B) It increased as a result of increased participation in
the workforce by certain demograp groups.
(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated
policies.
(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by certain
employees for more flexible working arrangements.
(E) It increased partly as a result of workers’ reduced
ability to control the terms of their employment.
4. The passage suggests which of the following about the
workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?
(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions
within firms.
(B) They constituted a less demographically diverse
group than has been suggested.
(C) They were occasionally involved in actions
organized by labor unions.
(D) Their pay declined during the decade i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 an comparison
with the pay of permanent employees.
(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary
employment to permanent employment.
5. The first sentence in the passage suggests that the
observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to
predict which of the following?(A) That the number of new temporary positions would
decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary
employment entered the workforce.
(B) That the total number of temporary positions would
increase as fewer workers were able to find
permanent positions
(C) That employers would have less control over the
terms of workers’ employment as workers
increased their
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bargaining strength.
(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary
positions as product demand increased.
(E) That the number of workers taking temporary
positions would increase as more workers in any
given demographic group entered the workforce.
6. In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line
21) most closely corresponds to which of the
following phrases?
(A) Far more than can be justified by worker
preferences
(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in
product demand.
(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the
firms themselves.
(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding
national economy.
(E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in the
total number of people in the workforce.
7. The passage mentions each of the following as an
appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT
(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment
primarily to a certain group of people.
(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and
permanent employees
(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by
labor unions.
(D) establishing guidelines on th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ae proportion of
temporary workers that firms should employ
(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits
from their employers.
Passage 56
Although numbers of animals in a given region may
fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often
temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists
have advanced three theories of population control to
(5)account for this relative constancy.
The first theory attributes a relatively constant popu-
lation to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate
populations with such frequency as to prevent them
from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of
(10) small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes
need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example,
can govern population growth. This theory---the
density-independent view---asserts that climatic factors
(15) exert the same regulatory effect on population regard-
less of the number of individuals in a region.
A second theory argues that population growth is
primarily density-dependent---that is, the rate of
growth of a population in a region decreases as the
(20) number of animals increases. The mechanisms that
manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers
increase, the food supply would probably diminish,
which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka
and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more
(25) easily in high-density populations. Other regulators
include physiological control mechanisms: for example.
Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the
crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring
about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal
(30) glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering
sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There <
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aBR> is evidence that these effects may persist for three
generations in the absence of the original provocation.
One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to
(35) develop models that would allow the precise prediction
of the effects of crowding.
A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and
termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved
a “code”in the form of social or epideictic behavior
(40) displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group
vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with infor-
mation on population size in a region so that they can,
if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However,
wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior
(45) and population control, has been challenged, with some
justification, by several studies.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) argue against those scientists who maintain that
animal populations tend to fluctuate
(B) compare and contrast the density-dependent
and epideictic theories of population control
(C) provide example of some of the ways in which
animals exercise reproductive restraint to
control their own numbers
(D) suggests that theories of population control that
concentrate on the social behavior of animals
are more open to debate than are theories that do not
(E) summa
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rize a number of scientific theories that
attempt to explain why animal populations do
not exceed certain limits
2. It can be inferred from the passage that proponents
of the density-dependent theory of population control
have not yet been able to
(A) use their theory to explain the population growth of
organisms with short life cycles
(B) reproduce the results of the study of Christian and
Davis
(C) explain adequately why the numbers of a population
can increase as the populati
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aon’s rate of growth
decreases
(D) make sufficiently accurate predictions about the
effects of crowding
(E) demonstrate how predator populations are
themselves regulated
3. Which of the following, if true, would best support the
density-dependent theory of population control as it is
described in the passage?
(A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota decrease, the
growth rate of this population of foxes begins of
increase.
(B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont
decreases, the growth rate of this population of
woodpeckers also begins to decrease.
(C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma
increases, the growth rate of this population of
prairie dogs also begins to increase.
(D) After the number of beavers in Tennessee decreases,
the number of predators of these beavers begins to
increase.
(E) After the number of eagles in Montana decreases,
the food supply of this population of eagles also
begins to decrease.
4. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is
described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays
serve the function of
(A) determining roosting aggregations
(B) locating food
(C) attracting predators
(D) regulating sexual activity
(E) triggering hormonal changes
5. The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards-theory by
several studies is regarded by the author with
(A) complete indifference
(B) qualified acceptance
(C) skeptical amusement
(D) perplexed astonishment
(E) agitated dismay
6. Which of the following statements would provide the
most of logical continuation of the final paragraph of the
passage?
(A) Thus wynne-Edwards’ theory raises serious
questions about the constancy of animal population
in a region.
(B) Because Wynne-Edwards’ theory is able to explain
more kinds of animal beha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 avior than is the density-
dependent theory, epideictic explanations of
population
regulation are now widely accepted.
(C) The results of one study, for instance, have
suggested that group vocalizing is more often used
to defend territory than to provide information about
population density.
(D) Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out
a systematic and complex code of social behavior
that can regulate population size.
(E) One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds
are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations
than group vocalizing in order to provide
information
on population size.
Passage 57
In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in
Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma
nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts
in that field were available. Today, excellent antho-
(5) logies and other introductory texts exist, and books on
individual Asian American nationality groups and on
general issues important for Asian Americans are
published almost weekly. Even professors who are
experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of
(10) these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in
related areas and are looking for writings for and by
Asian American to include in survey courses are in an
even worse position.
A complicating factor has been the continuing lack
(15) of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian
Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop
encyclopedias. Such works would enable students
taking Asian American studies courses (and professors
in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian
(20) American individuals, institutions, history, and culture
without having to wade through mountains of primary
source material. In addition, give such wor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aks, Asian
American studies pr
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
ofessors might feel more free to
include more challenging Asian American material in
(25) their introductory reading lists, since good reference
works allow students to acquire on their own the back-
ground information necessary to interpret difficult or
unfamiliar material.
1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
doing which of the following?
(A) Recommending a methodology
(B) Describing a course of study
(C) Discussing a problem
(D) Evaluating a past course of action
(E) Responding to a criticism
2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be
characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a
choice when faced with a
(A) lack of acceptable alternatives
(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives
(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to
good
(D) multitude of different alternatives
(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical
in content
3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines
14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct
introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American
studies in which of the following ways?
(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify
primary source material and to obtain standard
information on Asian American history and culture
(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent
anthologies and introductory texts in the field that
are both recent and understandable to students
(C) By preventing professors from adequately
evaluating the quality of the numerous texts
currently being published in the field
(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose
libraries were rich in primary sources.
(E) By making it more necessary for professors to select
readings for their courses th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aat are not too
challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian
American history
and culture
(E) By making it more likely that the readings
professors assign to students in their courses will be
drawn solely from primary sources
4. The passage implies that which of the following was
true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a
few decades ago?
(A) The range of different textbooks that could be
assigned for such courses was extremely limited.
(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were
often not very challenging for students.
(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned
to them in such courses.
(D) Such courses were the only means then available by
which people in the United States could acquire
knowledge of the field.
5. According to the passage, the existence of good one-
volume reference works about Asian Americans could
result in
(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian
American studies regarding the quality of the
sources available in their field
(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for
introductory courses in Asian American studies
(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian
American history and culture
(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American
history and culture in courses outside the field of
Asian American studies
(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American
material in introductory reading lists in Asian
American studies
Passage 58
In an attempt to improve the overall performance of
clerical workers, many companies have introduced com-
puterized performance monitoring and control systems
(CPMCS) that record and report a worker’s computer-
(5) driven activities. However, at least one study has shown
that such monitoring
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 amay not be having the desired effect.
In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers
and their supervisors how assessments of productivity
affected supervisors’ ratings of workers’ performance. In
(10) contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who
without exception identified the most important element in
their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and
their supervisors all responded that productivity was the
critical factor in assigning ratings. This finding suggested
(15) that there should have been a strong correlation between a
monitored worker’s productivity and the overall rating the
worker received. However, measures of the relationship
between overa
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
ll rating and individual elements of perfor-
mance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors
(20) gave considerable weight to criteria such as
attendance.accuracy, and indications of customer
satisfaction.
It is possible that productivity may be a “hygiene
factor.” that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall
rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at
(25) which productivity becomes “good enough.” higher
productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.
1. According to the passage, before the final results of the
study were known, which of the following seemed
likely?
(A) That workers with the highest productivity would
also be the most accurate
(B) That workers who initially achieved high
productivity ratings would continue to do so
consistently
(C) That the highest performance ratings would be
achieved by workers with the highest productivity
(D) That the most productive workers would be those
whose supervisors claimed to value productivity
(E) That supervisors who claimed to value productivity
would place equal value on customer satisfaction
discusses “unmonitored workers”(line 10) primarily
in order to
(A) compare the ratings of these workers with the
ratings of monitored workers
(B) provide an example of a case in which monitoring
might be effective
(C) provide evidence of an inappropriate use of CPMCS
(D) emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have on
workers’ perceptions of their jobs
(E) illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on
workers’ ratings
3. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly have
supported the conclusion referred to in lines 19-21?
(A) Ratings of productivity correlated highly with
ratings of both accuracy and attendance.
(B) Electronic monitoring greatly increased productivity.
(C) Most supervisors based overall ratings of
performance on measures of productivity alone.
(D) Overall ratings of performance correlated more
highly with measures of productivity than the
researchers expected.
(E) Overall ratings of performance correlated more
highly with measures of accuracy than with
measures of productivity.
4. According to the passage, a “hygiene factor” (lines 22-
23) is an aspect of a worker’s performance that
(A) has no effect on the rating of a worker’s
performance
(B) is so basic to performance that it is assumed to be
adequate for all workers
(C) is given less importance than it deserves in rating a
worker’s performance
(D) if not likely to affect a worker’s rating unless it is
judged to be inadequate
(E) is important primarily because of the effect it has on
a worker’s rating
5. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the need for the introduction of an
innovative strategy
(B) discuss a study of the use of a particular method
(C) recommend a course of action
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a(D) resolved a difference of opinion
(E) suggest an alternative approach
Passage 59
Schools expect textbooks to be a valuable source of
information for students. My research suggests, however,
that textbooks that address the place of Native Americans
within he history of the United States distort history to suit
(5) a particular cultural value system. In some textbooks, for
example, settlers are pictured as more humane, complex,
skillful, and wise than Native American. In essence,
textbooks stereotype and deprecate the numerous Native
American cultures while reinforcing the attitude that the
(10) European conquest of the New World denotes the superi-
ority of European cultures. Although textbooks evaluete
Native American architecture, political systems, and home-
making. I contend that they do it from an ethnocentric,
(15) European perspective without recognizing that other per-
spectives are possible.
One argument against my contention asserts that, by
nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply
underestimating children’s ability to see through these
(20) biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time
students are in high school, they know they cannot take
textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the
contrary. Two researchers, for example, have conducted
studies that suggest th
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
at children’s attitudes about particular
(25) culture are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in
schools. Given this, an ongoing, careful review of how
school textbooks depict Native American is certainly
warranted.
1. Which of the following would most logically be the
topic of the paragraph immediately following the
passage?
(A) Specific ways to evaluate the biases of United States
history textbooks
(B) The centrality of the teacher’s role in Uni
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ated States
history courses
(C) Nontraditional methods of teaching United States
history
(D) The contributions of European immigrants to the
development of the United States
(E) Ways in which parents influence children’s political
attitudes
2. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe in detail one research study regarding the
impact of history textbooks on children’s attitudes
and beliefs about certain cultures
(B) describe revisions that should be made to United
States history textbooks
(C) discuss the difficulty of presenting an accurate
history of the United States
(D) argue that textbooks used in schools stereotype
Native Americans and influence children’s attitudes
(E) summarize ways in which some textbooks give
distorted pictures of the political systems developed
by various Native American groups
3. The author mentions two researchers’ studies (lines22-
25) most likely in order to
(A) suggest that children’s political attitudes are formed
primarily through textbooks
(B) counter the claim that children are able to see
through stereotypes in textbooks
(C) suggest that younger children tend to interpret the
messages in textbooks more literally than do older
children
(D) demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages
meant to influence their readers
(E) prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their
political presentations
4. The author’s attitude toward the content of the history
textbooks discussed in the passage is best described as
one of
(A) indifference
(B) hesitance
(C) neutrality
(D) amusement
(E) disapproval
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers
mentioned in line 19 would be most likely to agree
with which of the following statements?
(A) Students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a form attitudes about cultures other than
their own primarily inside the school environment.
(B) For the most part, seniors in high school know that
textbooks can be biased.
(C) Textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the attitudes
and beliefs of students.
(D) Elementary school students are as likely to
recognize biases in textbooks as are high school
students.
(E) Students are less likely to give credence to history
textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.
6. The author implies tha5t which of the following will
occur if textbooks are not carefully reviewed?
(A) Children will remain ignorant of the European
settlers’ conquest of the New World.
(B) Children will lose their ability to recognize biases
in textbooks.
(C) Children will form negative stereotypes of Native
Americans.
(D) Children will develop an understanding of
ethnocentrism.
(E) Children will stop taking textbooks seriously.
Passage 60
Until recently, scientists did not know of a close verte-
brate analogue to the extreme form of altruism abserved in
eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals
cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own oppor-
( 5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others.
However, such a vertebrate society may exist among under-
ground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus
glaber, the naked mole rat.
A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or
(10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing
female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor
breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and
she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of
behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have
(15) been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are
removed from a colony one sees v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aiolent fighting for breed-
ing status among the larger remainin
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g females, leading to a
takeover by a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each
(20) insects’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and
physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive
status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few
males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding
(25) members, both male and female, seem to participate pri-
marily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and
tunneling. Larger nonreaders are active in defending the
colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels.
Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates
may influence the length of time that an individual performs
(30) a task, regardless of its age.
Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in verte-
brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively
breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus)
(35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single
breeding female. The division of labor within social groups
is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among
naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating
by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed,
(40) whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are
not sexually active, and many never breed.
1. Which of the following most accurately states the main
idea of the passage?
(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known
examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate
societies.
(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization
based on a rigid caste system.
(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be
a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a
insect societies.
(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from
those of any other vertebrate species.
(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked
mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.
2. The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into
question which of the following explanatory variables
for naked mole rat behavior?
(A) Size
(B) Age
(C) Reproductive status
(D) Rate of growth
(E) Previously exhibited behavior
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the performance
of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task
performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the
following ways?
(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate performed
cooperatively.
(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of
tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.
(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to
the largest animals.
(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited
to a single female.
(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of
tasks is based on body size.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is a
supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a
naked mole rat colony?
(A) She is the largest member of the colony.
(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.
(C) She mates with more than one male.
(D) She attains her status through aggression.
(E) She is the only breeding female.
5. The passage supports which of the following inferences
about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
(A) The largest female in the social group does
not maintain reproductive status by means of
behavioral control.
(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily
to its rate of growth.
(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breedin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ag
female.
(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.
Passage 61
Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically
complex, and diverse marine ecosystem on Earth. This
ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the bio-
sphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor, waters sup-
(5) port such prolific and productive communities? Part of the
answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves.
Symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out
photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral
thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals,
(10) hosts, and even for other members of the reef c
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ommunity.
This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef com-
munity to use sparse nutrient resources efficiently.
Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of
human activities are causing worldwide degradation of
(15) shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the (water.
Agriculture, slash-and-burn land clearing, sewage disposal
and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all
increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms
of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and
(20) an increasing abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals.
Declines in reef communities are consistent with observa-
tions that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to
growing human populations, thereby threatening reef com-
(25) munities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to
their waters.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing the effects of human activities on algae in
coral reefs
(B) explaining how human activities are posing a threat
to coral reef communities
(C) discussing the process by which coral
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a reefs
deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters
(D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for
themselves
(E) describing the abundance of algae and filter-feeding
animals in coral reef areas
2. The passage suggests which of the following about coral
reef communities?
(A) Coral reef communities may actually be more likely
to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients.
(B) The nutrients on which coral reef communities
thrive are only found in shallow waters.
(C) Human population growth has led to changing ocean
temperatures, which threatens coral reef
communities.
(D) The growth of coral reef communities tends to
destabilize underwater herbivore populations.
(E) Coral reef communities are more complex and
diverse
than most ecosystems located on dry land.
3. The author refers to “filter-feeding animals” (line 20)
in order to
(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef
deterioration
(B) explain how reef communities acquire sustenance
for survival
(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore populations
thrive
(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in
waters that reefs inhabit
(E) identify members of coral reef communities that rely
on coral reefs for nutrients
4. According to the passage, which of the following is a
factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef
communities?
(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient
resources.
(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their
symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats have
reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis
(D) They are too biologically complex to survive in
habitats with minimal nutrient input.
(E) Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient
in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aput to reef communities.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author
describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most
likely for which of the following reasons?
(A) They are thriving even though human activities
have depleted the nutrients in their environment.
(B) They are able to survive in spite of an over-
abundance of algae inhabiting their waters.
(C) They are able to survive in an environment with
limited food resources.
(D) Their metabolic wastes contribute to the degra-
dation of the waters that they inhabit.
(E) They are declining even when the water sur-
rounding them remains clear.
Passage 62
Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’
discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes
the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In
this view, people have an essential need for belonging that
(5)is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared
ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity
de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic
groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as
a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues
(10) relating to its economic position. While both of these
definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic
and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.
Rather, ethnicity is more sati
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sfactorily conceived of as a
process in which preexisting communal bonds and common
(15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes
according to changing real-life situations.
One example of this process is the rise of participation
by Native American people in the broader United States
political system since the Civil Rights movement of the
(20)1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate
more actively in po
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 alitics (the number of Native American
legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement
also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional
culture. Cultural and instrumental components of
(25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce
one another.
The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the
uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American
people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed
(30) community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral
heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerg-
ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican
American advocacy groups the means by which to promote
ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the
(35) nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century
Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contem-
porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor
of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez
as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for con-
(40) temporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans
celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish
American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major
holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays
having been reinvented in the context of the United States
and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United
States.
1. Which of the following best states the main idea of the
passage?
(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity,
sociologists have underestimated the power of the
primordial human need to belong.
(B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that
combines cultural components with shared
political and economic interests.
(C) In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic
groups have begun to organize in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 aorder to further
their political and economic interests.
(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly
changed by the Civil Rights movement.
(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated
sociologists discussions are incompatible
and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.
2. Which isthe following statements about the first two
definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph
is supported by the passage?
(A) One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the
other is favored by members of ethnic groups.
(B) One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity,
and the other focuses on the economic aspects.
(C) One is the result of analysis of United States
populations, and the other is the result of analysis of
European populations.
(D) One focuses more on the ancestral components
of ethnicity than does the other.
(E) One focuses more on immigrant groups than does
the other.
3. The author of the passage refers to Native American
people in the second paragraph in order to provide an
example of
(A) the ability of membership in groups based on
shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential
human need.
(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been
strengthened by political activity
(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help promote
solidarity among United States ethnic groups
(D) how participation in the political system has
helped to improve a group’s economic situation
(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic
history and culture
4. The passage supports which of the following statements
about the Mexican American co+munity?
(A) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community
began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic
group in the United States into the observatio
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 an of its
own ethnic holidays.
(B) In the 1960’s Mexican American community
groups pr
上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
omoted ethnic solidarity primarily in
order to effect economic change
(C) In the 1960’s leader of the Mexican American
community concentrated their efforts on promoting
a renaissance of ethnic history and culture
(D) In the 1960’s members of the Mexican American
community were becoming increasingly concerned
about the issue of voting rights.
(E) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community
had greater success in mobilizing constituents
than did other ethnic groups in the United States.
5. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural
expression is discussed in the passage?
(A) The retelling of traditional narratives
(B) The wearing of traditional clothing
(C) The playing of traditional music
(D) The celebration of traditional holidays
(E) The preparation of traditional cuisine
6. Information in the passage supports which of the
following statements about many European ethnic
groups in the nineteenth-century United States?
(A) They emphasized economic interests as a way of
mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.
(B) They conceived of their own ethnicity as being
primordial in nature.
(C) They created cultural traditions that fused United
States symbols with those of their countries of
origin.
(D) They de-emphasized the culturalcomponents of
their communities in favor of political interests.
(E) They organized formal community groups designed
to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and
culture.
7. The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry Cisneros most
likely believed that
(A) many Mexican American would respond positively
to the example of Benito Juarez.
(B) many Mexican American were insufficiently
educated in Mexican histor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ay
(C) the fight for civil fights in the United States had
many strong parallels in both Mexican and rish
history.
(D) the quickest way of organizing community-based
groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito Juarez
(E) Mexican Americans should emulate the strategies
of Native American political leaders.
Passage 63
The fact that superior service can generate a competitive
advantage for a company does not mean that every attempt
at improving service will create such an advantage. Invest-
ments in service, like those in production and distribution,
(5) must be balanced against other types of investments on the
basis of direct, tangible benefits such as cost reduction and
increased revenues. If a company is already effectively on a
par with its competitors because it provides service that
avoids a damaging reputation and keeps customers from
(10) leaving at an unacceptable rate, then investment in higher
service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding
factor for customers only in extreme situations.
This truth was not apparent to managers of one regional
bank, which failed to improve its competitive position
(15) despite its investment in reducing the time a customer had
to wait for a teller. The bank managers did not recognize
the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking
industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching
banks. Nor did they analyze their service improvement to
(20) determine whether it would attract new customers by pro-
ducing a new standard of service that would excite cus-
tomers or by proving difficult for competitors to copy. The
only merit of the improvement was that it could easily be
described to customers.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) contrast possible outcomes of a type of business
(B) suggest more careful evaluation of a type of
business investment
(C) illustrate various ways in which a type of business
investment could fail to enhance revenues
(D) trace the general problems of a company to a
certain type of business investment
(E) criticize the way in which managers tend to analyze
the costs and benefits of business investments
2. According to the passage, investments in service are
comparable to investments in production and
distribution in terms of the
(A) tangibility of the benefits that they tend to confer
(B) increased revenues that they ultimately produce
(C) basis on which they need to be weighed
(D) insufficient analysis that managers
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devote to them
(E) degree of competitive advantage that they are likely
to provide
3. The passage suggests which of the following about
service provided by the regional bank prior to its
investment in enhancing that service?
(A) It enabled the bank to retain customers at an
acceptable rate
(B) It threatened to weaken the bank’s competitive
position with respect to other regional banks
(C) It had already been improved after having caused
damage to the bank’s reputation in the past.
(D) It was slightly superior to that of the bank’s regional
competitors.
(E) It needed to be improved to attain parity with the
service provided by competing banks.
4. The passage suggests that bank managers failed to
consider whether or not the service improvement
mentioned in line 19
(A) was too complicated to be easily described to
prospective customers
(B) made a measurable change in the experiences of
customers in the bank’s offices
(C) could be sustained if the number of customers
increased significantly
(D) was an innovation that competing banks could
hav
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ae imitated
(E) was adequate to bring the bank’s general level of
service to a level that was comparable with that of
its competitors
5. The discussion of the regional bank (line 13-24) serves
which of the following functions within the passage as a
whole?
(A) It describes an exceptional case in which
investment in service actually failed to produce a
competitive advantage.
(B) It illustrates the pitfalls of choosing to invest in
service at a time when investment is needed
more urgently in another area.
(C) It demonstrates the kind of analysis that managers
apply when they choose one kind of service
investment over another
(D) It supports the argument that investments in
certain aspects of service are more advantageous
than investments in other aspects of service.
(E) It provides an example of the point about
investment in service made in the first paragraph.
6. The author uses the word “only” in line 23 most likely
in order to
(A) highlight the oddity of the service improvement
(B) emphasize the relatively low value of the
investment in service improvement
(C) distinguish the primary attribute of the service
improvement from secondary attributes
(D) single out a certain merit of the service
improvement from other merits
(E) point out the limited duration of the actual service
improvement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
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