GRE同主题写作-issue218 :218"In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
题目涉及到value of art, 判断艺术价值的标准,到底谁决定艺术的价值。看似简单的一句话,却是比较难分析的题目,不是一两句可以说清楚地。同意题目也好,反对也好,都必须首先对艺术的本质、功能、价值有深入的理解,才能由艺术的本质、功能、价值出发逐层分析,得出结论。如果不探讨艺术的这些特性,匆忙的下结论,就没法把握好题目。
The Function of Art
概括一句话:艺术的本质和功能就是反映生活。具体的可以分为以下五点,这五点都是按照艺术发展的顺序逐步出现的。
1.表达美、快乐,给人带来美和快乐
the oldest definition of the function of the arts is that they provide pleasure
2.揭示永恒
Another is that they present us with insight into what is eternal and universal.
3.艺术的教育意义:
A third function: The arts are didactic -- they teach us.
4.表达自己的独特的感情、理解
"expressionism" -- the artist’s use of a medium to express unique passion and insight.
5.用艺术推动社会变革
A second kind of expressionism also developed in the 19th century. This one was much more offensive. In societies undergoing tremendous change, artists began to use art to agitate for social change.
(以上资料,部分来自百宝箱,请参考:百宝箱之艺术篇 )
讨论完了艺术的本质和功能,下面的分析就可以建立在此基础上了。
The Value of Art
艺术的价值判断的主体:
主体显然是人,那么到底是谁?涉及到的人很多:首先是作者,然后是听众、观众,可以统称为欣赏者,还有统治阶层。
回顾题目,题目只提到了understandable to most people, 忽略了作者,统治阶级。我说作者可能好理解,说统治阶级,可能会让人费解,这要从艺术的历史谈起。
艺术在19世纪之前,一直都是为统治阶级服务的。
At the beginning of the 19th century, these functions of arts to provide pleasure, beauty, and instruction were considered to be the primary responsibilities of art. During most of Western history before this point, the nature of art had been determined primarily by leaders of society’s most powerful institutions -- the church, the government, and the aristocracy. Artists were craftsmen at the service of leaders, and much of the work that they were commissioned to create interpreted and upheld their social vision.
如果从本issue题目的立场出发来看,19世纪之前的艺术大多是没有价值的,因为那是为统治阶级服务的,只要统治阶级欣赏就可以了,没有必要去让大众接受。这个结论显然是有问题的,岂不是把Leonardo da Vinci 等的名作都否了。
题目还忽略了作者。从艺术的本质功能出发,艺术作品是艺术家反映生活、表达感情和观点的一种形式,所以作品首先是从其作者出发实现了它的价值。可能艺术的价值只有从作者的角度、生活背景出发来理解才有意义。“A piece of art is divine to one man and ridiculous to the next. Revered artists of the past may not have produced anything more amazing than countless others, but through happenstance become icons.”
从另一个角度,也可以把merit 看作material value, 让大众理解的才会受欢迎,才会有更多物质价值,卖个好价钱。不过,这些作品的艺术价值就值得怀疑了,当然并不是说贵的就是不好的,是不一定有价值。例子就是商业片虽然票房很好,可总是不被评论家和业内人士看好。 所以艺术真正的价值和金钱上的价值可以分开来讨论的。