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高考英语短文改错解题指导(中国大学在线推荐)

作者:  时间: 2020-12-23


 

  高考英语考试中的短文改错题属于综合能力测试题,要求学生全面地运用语言知识,根据语法结构、单词上下文关系等进行综合判断,找出错误,并加以改正。它们大致可分为语法错误、词汇错误和上下文关系错误。这三类错误一般涉及下列几个方面:

  1. 主谓一致方面的错误。

  句子中出现谓语动词时,要先找出它的主语,看看句子的主语和谓语在人称和单复数上是否一致。这方面的问题是改错题中最常见的。例如:

  ( 1 ) Business today, whether it's running a little gas station or a big factory, take good management.

  应把 take 改为 takes .例句中 whether 与 or 搭配完全正确,因此应该把焦点放在谓语动词上,结果发现它与主语 business 在数上不一致,这样问题就迎刃而解了。

  ( 2 ) Sixty inches, according to John, are the average height in his family.

  应把 are 改为 is .表示度量、时间等的复数名词作主语时,常把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词应用单数形式。

  2. 谓语动词时态、语态方面的错误。

  这方面的问题主要是及物动词和不及物动词以及时态和语态方面的误用。

  例如:

  ( 1 ) John has lived in that house for five years when he decided to move to New York.

  应把 has lived 改为 had lived .因为 lived 的动作发生在 decided 之前。发生在过去的两个动作,先发生的用过去完成式,后发生的用一般过去式。

  ( 2 ) The reason for all the changes being made has not explained to us yet.

  应把 has not explained 改为 has not been explained .因为例句中的主语 reason 是被解释的对象,是动作的承受者,所以应用被动语态。

  3. 非谓语动词的用法错误。

  非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。在短文改错中,经常要求判断是用不定式、动名词还是分词,特别是分词作定语的情况。一看到句子中有分词(现在分词或过去分词),就要判断这个分词是表示主动还是表示被动;是表示现在还是表示过去;是用现在分词还是用过去分词。例如:

  ( 1 ) Police records show a surprised link between changes in the season and crime patterns.

  应把过去分词 surprised 改为现在分词 surprising 作定语,因为在本句中“令人吃惊的联系”是主动的意思。

  ( 2 ) He was an optimist convinced that life was worth living for its own sake, and he could see no reason for looking forward to die as a release.

  应把 to die 改为 to dying .因为这里的 to 是介词,其后应跟名词或动名词。

  4. 虚拟语气的用法错误。

  随着说话人意图的不同,动词也要用不同的形式。但凡提到虚拟语气,都与谓语动词的形式有关,所以一定要注意用谓语动词的正确形式。例如:

  ( 1 ) Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would have been our chairman now.

  应把 would have been 改为 would be .这是个错综复杂的条件句,因为有 now 限制,所以主句和从句属不同的时间范畴。

  ( 2 ) The committee members propose that the plan is postponed for a few days.

  应把 is postponed 改为 be postponed .这是虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用。像 propose 这类词,如: request, advise, prefer, urge, order, insist, desire, move, recommend, suggest, demand, require, determine 等若出现在主句里,其从句中的谓语动词一定要用虚拟语气即( should ) + 动词原形,表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等。

  5. 形容词、副词的误用主要指在该用形容词的地方用了副词,该用副词的地方用了形容词。

  句子中出现形容词或副词时,要分析该形容词或副词修饰什么,形式是否正确,是原级、比较级还是最高级。例如:

  ( 1 ) Apparently our intellectual seasonal cycles are complete different from our criminal tendencies.

  应把 complete 改为 completely .例句中副词 apparently 作状语,用法正确。但 complete 修饰 different, different 是形容词,应用副词 completely 来修饰。

  ( 2 ) This book is very more difficult than the one I recommended for you.

  应把 very 改为 far 或 much .比较级可用 much , far , still , a little , a bit 等来修饰,起加强语气或缓和语气的作用,但不能用 very .

  6. 代词的用法错误。

  代词误用主要是要求判断代词同它所指代的词在单复数、所有格或人称上是否一致;指代什么,用法是否正确;以及 it 作为形式主语或形式宾语时用法是否正确。例如:

  ( 1 ) In most places the jungle rooftop is so thick that this is impossible to see the sun or the stars.

  应把 this 改为 it .因为它在句子中作形式主语。

  ( 2 ) It was him who came running into the room with the news.

  应把 him 改为 he .在强调句“ It was + 被强调部分 +that ”中,被强调的部分应与后面真正的主句保持人称和数的一致。本句被强调的部分在主句中作主语,所以应用代词主格。

  7. 连接词的用法错误。

  连接词的误用与否主要看连接词用得是否正确,是否符合句子意思;连接的是词还是句子;是否符合逻辑关系;还要特别注意不要混淆连接词的用法。例如:

  ( 1 ) It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any idea of that they are going to do afterwards.

  应把 that 改为 what . what 引导的宾语从句既可以作 of 的宾语又可以作宾语从句中 do 的宾语,而 that 则不能。

  ( 2 ) The tourist got to the resort so early therefore the clerk there wasn't even up yet.

  应把 therefore 改为 that . so that 表示“如此……以致于……”,引导结果状语从句。

  8. 介词(固定搭配)方面的错误。

  介词的误用主要指介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配以及介词惯用词组等是否正确。例如:

  ( 1 ) We feel uncomfortable if our clothes do not look right — if they are not similar with those which other people of our age, sex, country and period are wearing.

  应把 similar with 中的 with 改为 to .因为 similar 与 to 搭配成固定短语 be similar to ,意为“类似的”。

  ( 2 ) Of the best of my knowledge, he did very well in his previous job.

  应把 Of 改为 To ,构成固定词组 to the best of one's knowledge ,意为“就某人所知”。

  9. 易混词的用法错误。

  易混词的误用主要指易混词在意义、概念上的混淆、误用以及单词单复数形式方面的错误。如 such 与 so, ago 与 before , as 与 like , between 与 among ,等。例如:

  ( 1 ) Of course the press means more than newspapers. A vast amount of magazines are published, aimed at readers interested in all sorts of subjects.

  应把 amount 改为 number ,因为 amount 表示数量时只与不可数名词连用。

  ( 2 ) Today, flint has small importance as an industrial product.

  应把 small 改为 little . small 用于表示人或物的体积尺寸,不能修饰抽象名词。

  10. 词义和语义方面的用法错误。

  词义和语义的误

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用主要指词义的重复或句子意义不完整。例如:

  ( 1 ) The creation of mobile extremely greatly extended the limits of the art of sculpture.

  extremely 和 greatly 意义重复,应把 extremely 去掉。

  ( 2 ) Despite the fact that the South Pole is as snow-covered and stormy weathered as the North Pole, is colder than the North Pole.

  显然是句子意义不完整, is colder 之前缺少主语 it ( the South Pole ),应该补上。

  从上面的这些例子可以看出,改错是一个具有一定难度且较为复杂的题型,内容多,范围广,要做好这种测试题,非下苦功夫不可。只有通过广泛阅读,反复实践,不断提高,做这样的题才能得高分。

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