《英语》考纲
(100分)
一、参考版本
电子工业出版社,《英语》第1册和第2册(河南省中等职业教育公共课精品教材),河南省职业技术教育教学研究室组织编写。
二、复习内容和要求
考试内容分为“词汇”、“语法”、“交际运用”、“完型填空”、“阅读”和“翻译”,重点测试考生的英语基础知识、基本技能,以及综合运用英语的能力。
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能。
(一)词汇
1.能够正确认读参考教材《英语(精品教材)》第1,2册每单元New Words and Expressions所列出的生词;
2.掌握各单元Notes中列出的词组含义,并能够把这些词组灵活运用到语句中。
(二)语法
1. 词法
(1)名词
①能够正确区分普通名词和专有名词以及可数名词和不可数名词;
②掌握可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语;
③掌握可数名词变复数的规则;
④掌握名词的两种所有格(’s属格和of属格)形式的基本用法。
(2)代词
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词。在这七类代词中,其中不定代词一直是英语考试的重点。
① 掌握人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词和疑问代词的基本用法;
补充说明:
※在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方。
如Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?
that 可用来代替不可数名词。
如The weather in Beijing is like that (the weather) of New York.
※不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:
▲some 与 any。
some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句、疑问句。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any。如:
Will you lend me some money? 可以借些钱给我吗?
Why don’t you bring some flowers? 为什么不带些花来呢?
▲both, either, neither指两者的不定代词。如He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。
▲all, any, none, every指三者的不定代词。如:Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?
▲little和a little; few和a few。
little和a little后接不可数名词。few 和a few后接可数名词复数。其中 few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。如:
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。
▲all, every, each的用法。
从强调重点上看:all强调整体地考虑总体,every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调个体;each 和every 后都接可数名词单数。
从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语;
从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用 each。如:There are trees on each side of the road. 路的两边都有树。
▲other, the other, another, others的用法。若特指用 the other;指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。Another另一个,再,又。如:
Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。We should think of others. 我们应该多为别人着想。
Show me another one. 另拿一个给我看。Please give me another five minutes. 请再给我五分钟时间。
Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?
▲no one, nobody, none 的用法。
no one 与nobody 用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时,谓语用单数;而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。如:
No one [Nobody] has read it. 没有人读过它。
None of the students has got the ticket. 没有学生有票。
None of the films is [are] worth seeing. 没有一部电影值得看。
▲复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody, everyone,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。其中something, someone 等和 anything, anyone的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句或疑问句。
使用时应请注意以下几点:
(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。如:
Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如:
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
(3) anyone, everyone只能指人,不能指物,且其后不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one of…, every one of…(即分开写)。
②了解关系代词that/which/who/whom/whose的用法;
② 掌握it作形式主语的用法;
It is important for us to learn English. (it作形式主语,真正的主语为动词不定式)
It is important that we learn English. (it作形式主语,真正的主语为that从句)
③ 了解it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法。
I think it important to learn English. (it作形式宾语,真正的宾语为动词不定式)
I think it important that we learn English. (it作形式宾语,真正的宾语为that从句)
(3)数词
① 基数词
A.能熟练读出1-100的基数词和序数词。另外,基数词还有thousand (千),million(百万),billion(十亿)。表示一个具体数字时,一律不用复数,如:200 two hundred;在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数,且和of连用,如:成百上千的hundreds of,成千上万的thousands of,数以百万计的millions of;
B.掌握数词表示时刻、年份、年份和日期的用法:如:8:15 读作eight fifteen;也可以在半点之前用past,如:8:15读作 fifteen/a quarter past eight;在半点之后用to 如:11:45读作fifteen/a quarter to twelve。a quarter表示“一刻”,half表示“半点”;
1996年 nineteen ninety-six; 2015读作two thousand and fifteen;
2015年6月7日读作June the seventh, two thousand and fifteen。
C.了解基数词表示世纪和年代的用法: in +the +数词复数表示在……世纪……年代。如:in the 1990s 表示“在二十世纪九十年代”。
② 序数词
A.掌握序数词的构成:一般情况是在基数词词尾加th。但有特殊情况,口诀(如下表所示)可供巧记:
一、二、三,特殊记 第一:one→first;第二:two→second;第三:three→third
八去t eight→eighth
九去e nine→ninth
ve要用f替 five→fifth twelve→twelfth
见y变成i和e,词尾加上th twenty→twentieth thirty→thirtieth forty→fortieth
若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以 twenty—one→twenty—first
fifty—seven→fifty—seventh
one hundred and twenty-five→one hundred and twenty-fifth
B.掌握序数词表示日期和分数的用法,如:11月9日 November the ninth;数词表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,若是分子大于1时,分母加s,如:1/2 one second,1/4one fourth,2/5 two fifths。
(4)介词
掌握一些常用介词的基本用法,如:at,in,on,for,of,from,before,between,behind,beside,except,like,after,about,against,among,above,across,over,during,through, under,with,without,including,according。
(5)冠词
熟练掌握不定冠词a/an、定冠词the和零冠词的基本用法。
① 定冠词“the”的用法
A.可数名词单数和复数,以及不可数名词之前都可以使用定冠词,表示有所指定的人或事物,即“特指”,如:
This is the bike I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的那辆自行车。
The computers in our school are new. 我们学校的电脑都是新的。
B.说话的人和听话的人双方都知道的人或事物前用定冠词,如:
Turn off the TV set,please. 请关上电视机。
Where are the children? They are over there. 孩子们在哪儿?他们在那边。
C.用于表示乐器名称的名词前,如:
play the piano 弹钢琴,play the violin 拉小提琴。
D.表示世界上独一无二的事物名称及表示江、河、湖、海、山脉、群岛的名称前要加定冠词,如:
the sun太阳,the moon月亮,the earth地球,the sky天空
the Yangtze River长江,the Pacific太平洋,the Alps阿尔卑斯山,the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡。
E.有些形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人或事物,如:
the young年轻人,the old老人,the rich富人,the poor穷人,the wounded 受伤的人。
F.在表示顺序的序数词及形容词、副词的最高级前用定冠词,如:
the third floor三楼,the first第一,the longest river最长的河,the most beautiful campus最美丽的校园。
G.由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词,如:
the Capital Theatre(首都剧院),the Great Wall(长城)。
H.固定词组搭配,如:in the morning,on the right of…
② 不定冠词“a”和“an”的用法
A.用来表示数量“一”,意思同one,如:
I have an English dictionary and two Chinese dictionaries. 我有一本英语词典,两本汉语词典。
B.用来表示“某个”,“任何一个”,“每一”,如:
A student is waiting for you. 一名学生在等你。
He goes back home twice a week. 他每周回家两次。
C.用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物中的一个,如:
His father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。
A dog is man’ s good friend. 狗是人类的好朋友。
③ 零冠词的用法
A.名词前有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,many,these等时,不用冠词,如:
This is his computer. 这是他的计算机。
He has many books. 他有很多书。
B.不可数名词表示泛指时不用任何冠词,如:
Water is important to life. 水对生命很重要。
People can’t live without air. 没有空气,人就无法生存。
C.在称呼语和表示头衔或职务的名词前不用任何冠词,如:
What’s the matter,Uncle? 叔叔,您怎么了?
Professor Wang just came back from the United States. 王教授刚从美国回来。
D.含有day的节日名词前不用任何冠词,如:
New Year’s Day元旦,Women’s Day妇女节,Children’s Day儿童节,Mother’s Day母亲节,Teachers’ Day 教师节,National Day国庆节。
E.球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐的名词前不用任何冠词,如:
He likes playing basketball and football. 他喜欢打篮球、踢足球。
We have dinner at 6:00 every day. 我们每天六点吃晚饭。
F.专有名词前不用任何冠词,如:
China 中国,Class One 一班,Grade Three 三年级,Zhengzhou 郑州。
G.表示季节、月份或星期的名词前不用任何冠词,如:
I like swimming in summer. 我夏天喜欢游泳。
She was born on November 29,1978. 她生于1978年11月29日。
We have two English classes on Thursday. 星期四我们有两节英语课。
H.固定词组搭配,如:go to school,go to bed ,at home,by bus。
(6)连词
①掌握一些常用连词的基本用法;
②常用的并列连词and,or,but,yet,so的用法;
③常用的从属连词that,when,till,until,after,before,since,because,if,whether,though,although的用法。
(7)形容词和副词
① 掌握形容词和副词的基本用法;
② 掌握比较级和最高级的构成形式以及一些常用形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化,如good/well,bad/ill,many/much和 little;
③ 熟练掌握形容词和副词三个等级的常用基本句型。
原级常用的句型结构有:
A.“(倍数)+as+形容词原级/副词原级+as”
比较级常用的句型结构有:
A.“(倍数)+形容词比较级/副词比较级+than…”。如:
The river is (twice) as long as that one.
B.“the+比较级,the + 比较级” 表示“越……,越……”。如:
The river is (twice) longer than that one.
C.“比较级+ and +比较级” 表示“越来越……”。如:
The more, the better.
最高级常用的句型结构有:
A.“the+(序数词)+ 形容词最高级/副词最高级+(单数名词)+ in/of短语” 表示“……是……中最……的”。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
B.“one of + the + 最高级+名词(复数)” 结构表示“最……之一”。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
④了解much,far,a little等词常用在比较级前,nearly,almost等词常用在最高级前的用法。
(8)动词
① 掌握系动词和情态动词的用法;
A.系动词(be,look,feel,sound,smell, taste,become, turn和get),如:
The trees turn green. The song sounds good.
B.情态动词(can,may,must,need,ought to,dare等)。
C. 行为动词:表达一定的行为,具有实际的含义,也称为实义动词。按照其后是否可以跟宾语可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。
D. 助动词(be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall/should, will/would)在句中不能独立作谓语,而是和行为动词一起构成谓语,本身没有含义,仅用于帮组行为动词构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句和强调句。
② 掌握动词的常用八种时态
A.熟练掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时的用法;
B.掌握现在完成时、过去完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时的用法。
动词的时态 构 成 例 句
一般现在时 用原形do,第三人称单数用 does He gets up at six o’clock every morning.
一般过去时 用过去式was, were, did I saw Tom in the street yesterday.
一般将来时 will/shall do They will be free next week.
现在进行时 am/is/are+ doing They are reading now.
过去进行时 was/were+doing I was having a bath when the phone rang.
现在完成时 have/has+done He has already finished his homework.
过去完成时 had + done We had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.
过去将来时 should/ would + do She said she would go to Beijing for the holiday.
③ 动词的语态
A.理解主动语态和被动语态的概念;
B.掌握被动语态的构成:助动词be+过去分词。在不同时态中,be的形式会发生相应的变化;
C.掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时的被动语态的用法;
D.了解现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时和带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
被动语态的时态 构 成 例 句
一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词 Smokers are persuaded to give up smoking.
一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 At least 450 years ago, corn was brought to China.
一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词 The work will be done next week.
现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词 All the rooms have already been cleaned.
过去完成时 had been + 过去分词 All the words had been learned by the end of last term.
现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词 A new house is being built in front of my classroom.
过去进行时 was/were + 过去分词 The child was saved by a policeman.
过去将来时 should/ would + be + 过去分词 She said that her homework would be done that afternoon.
情态动词的被动 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 She must be sent to hospital at once.
④ 非谓语动词(to do, doing, done)
A.动词不定式
a. 掌握动词不定式的肯定式和否定式的构成形式;
b. 掌握不定式作宾语、宾补、主语、表语的用法;
c. 了解不定式作定语、状语的用法;
d. 熟记一些常用动词不定式作宾语的动词,如decide, fail, refuse, manage, choose, hope, agree, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand。
e. 掌握动词不定式在某些动词后作宾补时省去to的用法。
在主动结构中,“四看”(see,watch,notice,observe)、“三使”(make,let,have)、“两听”(hear,listen to)、“一感觉”(feel)后+宾语+不带to的不定式。但是这些省去的to在变成被动语态后需加上to。如:
The boss made him work all day. 老板使他整天劳动。
He was made to work all day. 他被迫整天劳动。
B.动词的-ing形式
a. 掌握动词的-ing形式在句中作主语、宾语和表语的用法;
b. 了解动词的-ing形式在句中作定语、状语和宾补的用法;
c. 熟记一些常用动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词, 如enjoy, finish, practice, mind, keep, miss, avoid, suggest, admit, imagine, can’t help, give up。
C.过去分词
a. 掌握过去分词的构成形式;
b. 了解过去分词在句中作表语、宾补、定语和状语的用法;
c. 了解动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式的区别。动词的-ing形式和过去分词的主要区别在于:动词的-ing形式表示主动和进行,而过去分词表示被动和完成,
(9)构词法:了解词的三种基本构成方法:合成、转化和派生。
2.句法
(1)了解句子成分的类型:包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语;
(2)了解简单句的句子成分及五种基本句型;
(3)理解句子根据使用目的和语气的不同,可分为陈述句、疑问句(包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句)、祈使句和感叹句四大类型;
① 掌握这四种句子类型的基本用法;
② 掌握疑问句中反意疑问句的用法;
She visited her aunt yesterday, didn’t she? (前句肯定,后句否定)
She seldom/never/scarcely visited her aunt, did she? (前句否定或含有否定意义的词,后句肯定)
③熟练掌握感叹句的用法;
What + a/an + 形容词 +可数名词单数(+主语 + 谓语!)如:
What a beautiful house it is!
What + 形容词 + 不可数名词/可数名词复数(+主语 + 谓语!)如:
What clean water it is! What lovely girls they are!
How + 形容词或副词(+主语 + 谓语!)如:
How blue the sky is! How fast he swims!
How beautiful a house it is!
(4)熟练掌握There be句型的用法;
①掌握There be …句型的主谓一致的原则和就近原则。否定句是在be后加no(not any);一般疑问句是将be放在句首。如:
There are hundreds of students on the playground. (主语是复数,谓语用are)
There is a large dining-hall and many bedrooms in the students’ dormitory.(紧挨着be动词的主语是a large dining-hall是单数,be的形式要用is)
There are many bedrooms and a large dining-hall in the students’ dormitory. (紧挨着be动词的主语是many bedrooms是复数,be的形式要用are)
There is no (not any) map on the wall.(否定句)
Is there anything wrong with your ears?(疑问句)(Yes,there is/No,there isn’t.)
②了解There be与have所表示的意义:There be句型表示“存在”关系,have表示“所属”关系,两者不能混合在一个句子中。如:我们要说“明天有一个班会。”
There will have a class meeting tomorrow.(×)
There is going to/will be a class meeting tomorrow.(√)
故There will have是错误的搭配方式。
(5)并列句。
①理解并列句的构成:简单句+并列连词+简单句;
②掌握常用的连接词:and,also,or,so,but,yet,both...and,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also的用法;
(6)复合句。
①了解复合句的类型,包括名词性从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句、状语从句等;
②熟练掌握宾语从句的用法;
③掌握主语从句、表语从句的用法;
④掌握时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句和原因状语从句的用法;
⑤了解比较状语从句、让步状语从句和定语从句的用法。
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A.宾语从句
从属连词that。that本身没有含义,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,且在口语和非正式文体中常省略,如:
I believe (that) you know a lot about shopping online.
从属连词if或whether。
if和whether的意思都是“是否……”,在大多数情况下可以互换使用。但whether可以和or not连用,if则不能,如:
I don’t know if (whether)you can help me.
连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等。它们本身都有相应的含义,在从句中要作相应的句子成分,如:
Do you know whose book it is?
I did what he had told me.
连接副词 where,when,how,why。它们本身都有相应的含义,在从句中作状语,如:
He asked me when and where I had got the nice bag.
注意:宾语从句主要考查连词,语序,时态的照应。
B.主语从句
引导主语从句的连接词有从属连词that, whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which等以及连接副词when, why, how, where等。如:
What he said is right.
It is fine that he has passed the exam.
C.表语从句
引导表语从句的连接词语引导主语从句的连接词相同。如:
That is why he hasn’t come yet.
The problem is whether we should ask them for help.
③ 定语从句
A. 由关系代词who,whom引导的定语从句。二者都是指人,在从句中作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略。如:
The man who was here yesterday is a teacher.
The woman(whom)you saw in my room yesterday is my mother.
B. 由关系代词that,which引导的定语从句。在限制性定语从句中that既可以指物与which通用,也可以指人与who, whom 通用。在定语从句中可以作主语,宾语,作宾语时可以省略。如:
The letter(that/which)I received yesterday I from my family.
She is the girl(who/whom/that) I met on my way home.
a. 了解在限制性定语从句中只用who, whom 的现象以及that 与which 区别;
b. 了解在非限制性定语从句中只能用which, 不用that。如:
I broke the glass, which made my mother unhappy.
C. 由关系代词whose 引导的定语从句。whose 既可以指人,也可以指物。在定语从句中作定语,相当于所有格形式。如:
I know the girl whose name is Mary.
That is our classroom whose roof is flat.
D.了解由关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句。如:
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
The hospital where my mother works is in the north of the city.
注意:定语从句主要考查关系词的判断。即关系代词和关系副词的区别,关系代词在定语从句中常充当主语,宾语,定语等,而关系副词在定语从句中只充当状语,并且what不能引导定语从句。
④ 状语从句
A.掌握时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句和原因状语从句的用法;
a.时间状语从句
时间状语从句表示动作发生的时间,常由when,while,before,after,as soon as 等引导,如:
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.
My brother studied at No. 1 Middle School before he joined the army.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get there.
注意:时间状语从句主要考查主句和从句的时态的照应。
b.地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示动作发生的地点,常由where(……的地方)引导,如:
Where there is a will,there is a way.
c.原因状语从句
原因状语从句常由because(因为),as(因为,由于),since(因为,由于,既然)等引导,如:
I did it because he told me to.
As you were out,I left a message.
Since you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else.
d.条件状语从句
条件状语从句常由if(如果),unless(除非)等引导,如:
If we don’t do anything to save the earth,maybe the dream will become true in the near future.
You will fail unless you study hard.
注意:条件状语从句主要考查主句和从句的时态。
B.了解目的状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句的用法。
a.目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that(为了,以便),in order that(目的在于,为了,以便)等引导,如:
He got up early so that he could catch the train.
Let’s take the front seats in order that we may see more clearly.
b.结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so...that(如此……以至于……),such...that(这样……以至于……)等引导,如:
It was so hot that I didn’t fall asleep.
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
注意:结果状语从句主要考查so和such的区别, so是副词修饰形容词或副词;而such是形容词修饰名词。但是当名词前有many、much、little、few时用so。判断的方法是从that处断开看that前是否是名词(so+形容词+a/an+名词除外)。
c.比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由more...than(比……更……),as…as(和……一样……)等引导,如:
There are more students in class one than in class two.
Tom is as tall as Jack. 汤姆和杰克一样高。
d.让步状语从句
让步状语从句常由although though(尽管,虽然)等引导,如:
He is unhappy although / though he has a lot of money.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(7)掌握直接引语变间接引语的方法和规律
① 直接引语若是陈述句。将其变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中常常省略),且从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要根据具体语境做相应的变化。
A.人称的变化。如:
He said, “I want to see you”. 他说:“我要见你”。
→He said that he wanted to see me. 他说他要见我。
B.时态的变化。
如果主句的谓语动词为现在时,将直接引语变为间接引语时,从句谓语动词在时态方面则无须变化;如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,则从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化。一般变化情况如下表所示。
将直接引语转换成间接引语时的时态的变化
一般现在时→一般过去时
现在进行时→过去进行时
现在完成时→过去完成时
一般过去时→过去完成时
过去完成时不变
一般将来时→过去将来时
注意:
a.如果直接引语是表示客观规律的,那么时态仍然用一般现在时,如“The earth moves around the sun.”The teacher told us.→The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
b.当直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,将其变为间接引语时,时态不变,如:
Xiao Wang said,“I was born on April 2l,1980.”→Xiao Wang said that he was born on April 21,1980.
C.指示代词,表示时间、地点的副词或时间状语和个别动词在由直接引语变成间接引语时的变化规则如下所示。
this→that,these→those,now→then/at that moment,today→that day,yesterday→the day before,the day before yesterday→two days before,tomorrow→the next day/the following day,the day after tomorrow→two days after/in two days,next week/month/year→the next week/month/year,last week/ month/year →the week/month/year before,here→there,come→go,bring→take。
② 直接引语若是疑问句。将其转换为间接宾语时,应将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序,且句末用句号。其人称、时态等相应的变化也与转述陈述句的间接引语相同,如:
He said,“Are you good at English,John?”
→He asked John if he was good at English.
③直接引语若是特殊疑问句。将其转换为间接引语时,应将原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句,并需将疑问式改为陈述式,且句末用句号,如:
“Which room do you live in?”He asked. →He asked me which room I lived in.
④直接引语若是祈使句。将其变为间接引语时,间接引语应改为“tell(ask,order等)...(not) to do...”句型,如:
The teacher said to the students,“Stop talking.” →The teacher told the students to stop talking.
He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.” →He told the boys not to make so much noise.
(8)了解主谓一致的用法。
(9)了解倒装句。
(10) 了解虚拟语气的用法。
(三)交际运用
测试考生在特定的对话情景中运用语言进行交际的基本技能。
1.日常交际用语
(1)问候(Greetings)
① a:How are you?
B:Fine,thank you,and you/how about you?
a:Very well,thank you.
(How is your mother?/How are your things?/How’s it going?)
② Hello/Hi.
③ Good morning/afternoon/evening.
④ Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you.(How do you do?)
(2)介绍(Introductions)
a:Tom,Let me introduce you to…/Tom,I want you to meet…/Tom,I’d like you to meet…/It’s a great pleasure for me to introduce…
b:Hello! /Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you. /How do you do? /It’s a great pleasure to meet you.
(3)告别(Taking leave)
a:I’m afraid I must be leaving now. /I think it’s time for us to leave now.
b:Good-bye(Bye-bye),have a good evening/have a nice day/take care(of yourself). /Bye! Good luck. /See you later. /So long. /See you.
(4)感谢和应答(Thanks and responses)
a:Thank you(very much). /Thanks a lot./Many thanks. /Thanks for…
b:You’re welcome./It’s my pleasure./That’s all right./It’s very kind/nice of you to…/Not at all.
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(5)请求和应答(Requests and responses)
a:Could/Would you(do)…,(please)? /Sorry to trouble you,but could you(do)…,please?/Would you mind(doing)…?
Please give/Pass me…
Please wait(here/a moment).
Please wait(for)your turn.
Please stand in line/line up. Please hurry.
Don’t rush(hurry)/crowd. /No noise,please. /No smoking,please.
b:(接受请求)Yes,of course. /Certainly. /I’d be glad to. /No problem.
(拒绝请求)I’m afraid not./I’m sorry,but…/I wish I could,but…
(6)祝愿和应答(Good wishes and responses)
a:Good luck! /Best wishes to you! /I wish you good luck/success! /Have a nice/good time.(Happy New Year! /Merry Christmas!)
b:Thank you. The same to you.
(7)祝贺、称赞和应答(Congratulations,Compliments and responses)
Congratulations:
a:Congratulations!/Congratulations on your new job/exam results. /I’m so delighted/pleased(to hear)about…/Well done!
b:Thank you./Thank you for saying so.
Compliments:
a:What a lovely…! /I think it’s super/great. /I really like your…
b:That’s very nice/ kind of you to say so. /You’re too kind. /I’m glad you like it/think so.
(8)道歉和原谅(Apologizing and forgiving)
a. I’m sorry for/about…/I beg your pardon./Please excuse me for(doing)…/I(do)apologize for…
b:It’s/That’s all right./ It doesn’t matter. /Oh,forget it!/ No problem. /Oh,well,not to worry.
(9)征求许可和应答(Asking for permission and responses)
a:May/Can/Could I…? /Is it all right if I…? /Do/Would you mind if I…?
b:(允许)OK./Yes,Of course(you may). /Sure/Certainly. /Yes,(do)please. /Go ahead,please. /That’s OK/all right. /Not at all.
(不允许)I’m sorry(I’m afraid)you can’t./I’m sorry,but…/You’d better not. /No,please don’t.
(10)提供(帮助等)和应答(Offers and responses)
a:Can/Could/Shall I help you? /Is there anything(else)I can do for you? /Do you want me to…? /What can I do for you? /Let me do/carry/help…(for you). /Would you like some…?
b:(接受)Thanks. That would be nice/fine. /That’s very kind of you. /Thank you for your help. /Yes,please.
(拒绝)No,thanks/thank you. /Thank you all the same. /That’s very kind of you,but…
(11)赞同和反对(Agreeing and Disagreeing)
Agreeing:
I quite agree./You’re quite right./I’d go along with you there/on that. /I take your point. /I couldn’t agree more!
Disagreeing:
Do you really think so?/I wouldn’t agree./I can’t accept that./I’m sorry,but I really can’t agree with you there/on that./I’m not so sure about that.
(12)邀请和应答(Invitations and Responses)
For example:
a:邀请人 b:被邀请人
a:Would you like to(do)…?/I’d like to invite you to…/What/How about(doing)…? /Why don’t you(do)…? /What/How about…?
b:(接受邀请)Yes,I’d love to. Thanks./That sounds very nice.(What a nice idea.)Thank you./That’s very kind of you. Thank you.
(拒绝邀请)I’d love/like to,but I’m afraid…/I’d love to,but I’m sorry I can’t./I wish I could,but…/That’s very kind/nice of you,but I’m afraid…/I’m sorry I can’t. What about next time?
(13)责备与抱怨(Complaining)
a:I’m sorry to have to say this,but…/Must you always…?/I don’t want to mention this,but…
b:(接受)Oh,I’m so sorry about that. /I’m so sorry,I didn’t realize. /I’m so sorry,but I’ll do what I can. /I apologize for(doing)…
(拒绝)Well,I’m afraid there is nothing/isn’t much we can do about it,actually.
(14)禁止与警告(Prohibition and warnings)
You can’t/mustn’t…/You’d better not do it. /Don’t smoke!
If you…,you’ll…/Don’t be late! /Look out! /Take care! /Be careful!
(15)劝告和应答(Advice and responses)
a:Could you give me some advice(about…)? /What shall I do…?
b:Personally,I would advice you to(do)…/I suggest you(do)…/I think you should(do)…
a:(接受)That sounds/seems like a good idea/good advice. Thank you. /Yes,great/fine!/Yes,I’ll do/try that. Thanks.
(拒绝)I’m not sure I can do that. You see…/Isn’t there anything else I can/could(do)…?
(16)建议和应答(Suggestions and responses)
a:What would you like to(do)…? /What do you suggest we(do)…? /What shall we(do)…?
b:You’d better(not)(do)…/What/How about(doing)…? /Why don’t you/we(do)…?
a:(接受)That sounds/seems like a good idea/good advice. Thank you. /Yes,great/fine!/Yes,I’ll do/try that. Thanks.
(拒绝)That’s a good idea,but I’m afraid…/I’d rather not. /That’s all very well,but…/You/We could do,but…
(17)表达情感(Moods and Feelings)
① 焦虑(Expressing anxiety):
What’s wrong? /What’s the matter(with you)? /I’m/He’s/She’s worried. /Oh,what shall I/we do?
② 不悦(Expressing unhappy feelings):
I feel/I’m feeling worried. /I’m worried about…/I’m sick of…/My goodness! /I’m most upset about…
③ 喜悦(Expressing pleasure):
I’m pleased/excited about…/Oh,how nice/wonderful!/It’s good news./I’m glad/pleased/happy to…/That’s nice/wonderful/great.
(18)询问时间、日期和应答(Asking the time,date and responses)
a:What day is(it)today? /What’s the date today? /Excuse me. What time is it by your watch? /What’s the time,please?
b:It’s Monday./It’s January 10th./It’s five o’clock/five thirty(half past five)/a quarter past(to)six. /It’s time for/to…
(19)意见(Expressing opinions)
In my opinion, …/ I think (that)…/I’m sure/certain(that)…/So far as I know…
(20)鼓励(Encouragement)
Cheer up! /Be brave! /Well done! /Great! /Don’t give up. /Try it again.
(21)讨价还价(Bargaining)
① Give me a discount. 给我打个折吧。
② Can you lower the price a little bit? / Can you give me a little deal on this? 能便宜一点给我吗?
③ Is there any discount on bulk(大量)purchases? 我多买些能打折吗?
④ Could you sell it for less? / Can you give me this for cheaper? 能再便宜点吗?
⑤ How much (do you want for this)? (这件东西你想卖)多少钱?
⑥ If you don’t give me a better price, I won’t buy this. 如果价格不更优惠些,我是不会买的。
⑦ What’s the lowest price you’re willing to go? 最低你能出什么价?
⑧ It is the best price that I can offer. 这是我能给的最理想的价格。
⑨ How about 20 percent off? 打8折怎样?
2. 考生能够运用日常交际用语围绕以下话题进行交际
(1)个人与家庭(Personal information and family)
个人信息、亲友、友谊、家庭活动
(2)学校生活(School life)
校园设施、校园活动、老师与学生、课程
(3)日常生活(Daily life)
文明礼仪、饮食、购物、天气、服装、广告
(4)休闲娱乐(Leisure and entertainment)
运动、音乐、电影、游戏、兴趣、爱好
(5)健康(Health)
疾病、就医、健身
(6)居住环境(Living environment)
社区、安全、家居、公共设施
(7)出行(Travel)
旅游、交通、问路、预订
(8)科学技术(Science and technology)
网络、通信、传播
(9)工作(Work)
职业、计划、求职、生涯规划
(10)节日与习俗(Festival and customs)
中外节日、风俗习惯
(四)完形填空
“完形填空”是英语试题中必考的题型之一。它是典型的考查学生综合能力的测试题型,也是学生最容易丢分的一个题型。试题形式是最常见的“四选一”形式的题型。
(五)阅读
考生能读懂难度相当于所学课文的不同题材和体裁的文字材料。文字材料生词率不超过3%。要求考生通过阅读能够把握其中心思想和主要内容,能对相关信息进行分析和推理判断。
(六)翻译
考生能用所学的词汇及语法结构,将所给汉语翻译成英语。要求用词准确、结构完整、无语法和拼写错误。
三、教材中常用短语及重点词汇
《英语》 第1册
Unit 1
welcome to… be glad to… a lot of
show sb. sth. next to let sb. do sth.
a great many after class thank sb. for…
Unit 2
a month ago get to at first
follow sb. show concern about with the help of…
be strange to sb. practice doing sth. on weekdays
go well have a good time text message
Unit 3
be kind to sb. help sb. do sth. enjoy doing sth.
both of be grateful to… look like
make + n. + adj. be popular with… on the right of
a pair of think about be full of…
Unit 4
by plane Will you please… on time
look forward to doing sth. leave for on line
in great joy be busy with by plane
Unit 5
make…into trouble more and more be allowed to do…
whether…or not have no idea have no way to do
find out point at not…but…
be in trouble
Unit 6
take…as not so…as show …to
such as all over the world hundreds of
Unit 7
at the beginning of… be good for give up learn…by heart at one time
think over as much as possible be able to it’s necessary for…to…
Unit 8
click away plan to do sth. make a tour of
lie on go on… that’s to say
as early as possible have a great time in spring/summer/autumn/ winter
Unit 9
would like to… spend the long holiday… gather together
prepare for sweep out hang up
on both sides of at midnight set off
dress up show respect to… learn…from
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Unit 10
in a different way take care of… talk about…
share…with in such case be(get)angry with
make friends make progress in fact
《英语》 第2册
Unit 1
cut down wake up use up
be covered with nothing but die from
not only… but also
Unit 2
be considered as make a decision come into one’s sight
place an order log onto shopping online
key … in… place the order search engine
Unit 3
move along blast off be regarded as
connect…and… burst into make contribution to
Unit 4
either…or for instance play an important part in
make one’s way dozens of in need of
Unit 5
come into being keep…company more than
at that moment as if because of
Unit 6
at least mix…with due to
result in beyond one’s expectation what’s more
be sentenced to originate from add to
Unit 7
not…any more account for be harmful to
be forced to be linked to here and there
Unit 8
qualify…for knock down by the time
on one’s way insert…into set…record
attempt to in the fact of in one’s eyes
Unit 9
a number of spread out at high speed
be located in in all directions in advance
begin with from all parts of China scenic spot
Unit 10
in one’s post heart and soul according to
belong to be proud of pretend to
五、《英语》(精品教材)第1,2册课后语法知识
《英语》第1册
Unit 1 1.“主—系—表”句型 2.There be…句型
Unit 2 1.名词(名词的数和名词所有格) 2. have “拥有”的用法
Unit 3 代词 (人称、物主、反身`、指示、疑问、不定、关系)
Unit 4 数词(基数词、序数词、数词的用法)
Unit 5 冠词(定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词的用法)
Unit 6 谓语动词的时态Ⅰ(一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行)
Unit 7 形容词、副词的三级及其常用句型
Unit 8 谓语动词时态Ⅱ(现在完成、过去完成、过去将来、过去进行)
Unit 9 被动语态(构成、疑问式和否定式、被动语态的用法)
Unit 10 句子成分(主、谓、宾、表、定、壮、补)及句子种类(陈述句、疑问句祈使句和感叹句或简单句、并列句和复合句)
《英语》 第2册
Unit 1状语从句(时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、结果状语从句)
Unit 2 宾语从句
Unit 3 直接引语与间接引语
Unit 4 动词不定式(作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语)
Unit 5构词法1.合成法(合成名词、合成形容词、合成代词)2.转化(名词转化动词、形容词转化动词、动词转化名词)3. 派生法(前缀、后缀)
Unit 6 定语从句1.(关系代词which that who whom whose和介词+关系代词)2.(when where why)
Unit 7 动词的-ing形式Ⅰ(作主语、表语、宾语)
Unit 8动词的-ing形式Ⅱ(作定语、状语、宾补)
Unit 9过去分词的用法(作表语、定语、状语、宾补)
Unit 10情态动词(can/could, be able to; may/might; shall/should; will/would; must/have to和ought to)