决胜四级--阅读（5）
1
The exact number of English words is not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugar bowl) or different derivatives of the same word (rare—rarely, rarefy), and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on: the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions; words use only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields; foreign words borrowed for use in English; or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a million English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and writing.
Professor Seashore concluded that firstgraders enter school with at least 2,000 words and add 5,000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80,000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and
writing, is considerably smaller.
You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the words you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them.
Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.
1. In the author’s estimation, there are ____ words in English.
A. more than half a million B. at least 24,000
C. at least 80,000 D. more than a million
2. The word “obsolete” most probably means ____.
A. no longer in use B. profound
C. colorful or amusing D. common
3. One’s recognition vocabulary is ____.
A. less often used than his active vocabulary
B. smaller than his active vocabulary
C. as large as his active vocabulary
D. much larger than his active vocabulary
4. The author does not suggest getting recognition vocabulary into active
vocabulary by ____.
A. making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary
B. everyday spending half an hour study the dictionary
C. consciously using the words you recognize in reading
D. trying to use the words you recognize
5. From this passage we learn that ____.
A. dictionaries completely cover the words we can make use of
B. “schoolroom” is used in the passage as an example of a specialized term
C. once you know how a word is pronounced and what it represents, you have turned it into your active word
D. active vocabulary refers to words we understand when we read and hear them
2
In the past, it was believed that depression was more prevalent among the poorer and less educated people, but that is not the case. The truth is, depression can afflict people from all walks of life, and often it hits the most ambitious, creative and conscientious. It is fallacious to think that people on the corporate rung of the social ladder are not prone(易于…) to this malady(疾病). In fact, executives and professionals who are burdened with mounting pressures in their work may succumb to all these pressures and become depressed. The suicide of Vincent Foster, Jr, anoted American lawyer and White House official is a case in point. Despite the glamour of his position, which many people thought enviable, he felt overburdened with pressures and decided to take the easy way out.
Studies show that people born later in this century have experienced much more
depression than those born earlier. In fact the rate of depression over the last two generations has increased tenfold. Experts theorize that it could be due to the fact that the younger generations have higher expectatio
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ns from life and are therefore more likely to suffer from failure, disappointment and hence, depression.
Depression is easily recognisable. The depressed person feels sad or down in the dumps, and loses interest in even the most pleasurable activities. Moreover, he suffers from either significant gain or loss of weight, sleeplessness or over
sleeping, sluggish movement and thinking, fatigue, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, impaired concentration and forgetfulness, and in extreme cases, the afflicted person may have suicidal tendencies. It is often believed that depressi
on runs in the family, but this is not conclusively so, since there are cases where depressed persons do not have a history of depression in their families. Depression is often workrelated although at times it has its roots in family relations.
People who suffer from depression need not stay in the closet, since it is not
a sin or a shame to be depressed. A prompt visit to a psychologist means prompt
treatment and hence prompt recovery. Experts guarantee that depression is easily treatable, and in nipinthebud cases, the patient fully recovers in a few
days, thanks to the variety of effective treatment available.
6. According to the author, depression ____.
A. affects the poor and poor educated people more than the rich and successful ones
B. seldom attacks executives
C. is not limited to any particular class of people
D. is caused by one’s ambition
7. Studies show depression ____.
A. is more common today than in the past decades
B. was more common in the old generations
C. increased ten times in the days of our parents and grandparents
D. afflicts only young people
8. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Very high expectations for the individual make him more prone to depression.B. A depressed person feels sad and dejected.
C. People need not attempt to hide their depression because it’s not a shameful thing.
D. Depression is hereditary
9. Depression can be easily cured ____.
A. if the patient is youngB. at the early stage of the diseaseC. when plants are in bud
D. if the patient goes to see a psychologist
10.The passage is mainly a ____.
A. description of the symptoms of depression
B. brief introduction of depression
C. summary of the causes of depression
D. list of treatment of depression
3
Food which is kept too long decays because it is attacked by yeasts(酵母菌), moulds(霉) and bacteria(细菌). The canning process, however, seals the product in a container so that no infection can reach it, and then it is sterilized(消毒) by heat. Heat sterilization destorys all infections present in food inside the can. No chemical preservatives are necessary, and properly canned food does not deteriorate during storage.
Today vegetables, fish, fruit, meat and beer are canned in enormous quantities. Foods that were previously seasonal may now be eaten at any time, and strange
foods are available far from the countries where they are grown. The profitable
crops many farmers now produce often depend on the proximity of a canning factory.
The first stage in the canning process is the preparation of the raw food. Diseased and waste portions are thrown away; meat and fish are cleaned and trimmed;
fruit and vegetables washed and graded for size. The jobs are principally done
by machine.
The next stage, for vegetables only, is blanching. This is immersion(浸洗) in very hot or boiling water for a short time to remove air and soften the vegetable. This makes it easier to pack into cans for sterilization. Some packing machines fill up to 400 cans a minute. Fruit, fish and meat are packed raw and cold into cans, and then all the air is removed. When the cans are sealed, the pressure inside each can is only about half the pressure of the outside air. This is “
vacuum” packing.
During the sterilization process which follows, the cans are subjected to steam or boiling water, with the temperature and duration varying according to the type of food. Cans of fruit
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, for example, take only 5-10 minutes in boiling water, while meat and fish are cooked at higher temperature for longer periods. After
sterilization, the cans are cooled quickly to 32℃, to prevent the contents from becoming too soft.
The final stage before despatch to the wholesale or retail grocer is labelling, and packing the tins into boxes. Nowadays, however, labelling is often printed on in advance by the canmaker and no paper labels are then required.
11.The word “deteriorate” can be replaced by ____.
A. become soft B. go ba
dC. change taste D. turn hard
12.Food deteriorates during storage because ____.
A. necessary chemical preservatives are totally absent from it
B. it is infected with yeasts, moulds and bacteria
C. heat sterilization destroys infections present in it
D. it isn’t fit for storage
13.Vacuum packing is to ____.
A. immerse food in very hot or boiling water
B. sterilize food
C. remove air from the cans
D. subject food to steam or boiling water
14.All of the following are the steps of canning food except ____.
A. cleaning and trimming raw food
B. sterilizing canned food
C. blanching vegetables that are to be cannedD. printing lables and packing the tins into boxes
15.This passage is mainly about ____
A. food storageB. advantages of canned food
C. the art of canningD. canning food
4
Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer from shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness; they experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat and a tingling in the hands; they have a choking(气闷) feeling, faintness, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.
There has been a lot of inference as to the causes of panic attack. Both laymen(外行) and experts alike claim that psychological strain could be a logical cause, and it seems that there is some grain of truth in this because the fast tempo of life and people’s hectic schedules subject them to a lot of pressure, sufficient to trigger panic attacks. However, this conjecture has yet to be substantiated by scientific findings. Studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks, most likely because women have greater responsibility to the family in matters of discharging household duties as well as supervising the children; let alone the pressure of work on working mothers. Studies also show that people
who take large quantities of alcohol, and those who take marijuana or other related drugs, and those who drink beverages containing large amounts of caffeine have more proclivity to panic attacks.
It is generally conceded(承认) that a panic attack does not directly endanger
a person’s life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person’s life by making him or her so afraid that he or she will have a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr Crocker’s advice to a person who thinks he is suffering from panic attacks is to consult a doctor for a medical checkup to rule
out the possibility of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attacks, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.
16.A victim of panic attack is less likely to suffer from ____.
A. shortness of breathB. dizziness and lightheadedness
C. chest pains and back pains D. quick heartbeat and a tingling in the hands
17.It can be inferred from the passage that the cause of a panic attack is ____.
A. psychological pressure
B. large amounts of caffeine in blood
C. alcoholism
D. not scientifically proved
18.By saying “let alone the pressure of work on working mothers,” the author means they ____.
A. have more chance to catch panic attacks
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B. endure more pressure of work than others
C. would share household duties with their husbands
D. leave their work to others
19.Dr. Crocker suggests that ____.
A. one should visit a psychologist and get medical help when a diagnosis of panic attack is made
B. one should have a physical checkup to get medical help if he thinks
he has caught a panic attack
C. immediate medical help should be get if one suffers from some symptoms of panic attack
D. victims of panic attack should stay indoors to avoid accidents
20.We can safely conclude that a panic attack ____.
A. may make the victim eager to leave his or her home
B. is more common among women than men
C. is often fatal
D. may bring about some social problems
答案部分
1
短文大意
本文讨论的是英语词汇。英语词汇的确切数目还不清楚，大型词典收有一百多万个词，所
以保守估计，在听说读写各方面可能遇到的英语单词超过一百万个，但我们在说写中使用的
积极词汇要少得多，小学一年级，学生的词汇量是24，000个，中学毕业生的词汇量是80，000个。作者还谈到如何在阅读中掌握词汇的方法。
1. 答案。D
【参考译文】 根据作者的估计，英语有一百多万个词。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解有关的细节。
【详细解答】 在第一段中明确写道：保守估计，在听说读写各方面
可能会遇到的英语单词超过一百万个。从这一句我们可以看出D项“一百万多个”是正确的。A项不正确，而B项是指高中毕业生的词汇量，C项是指一年级学生的词汇量。
2. 答案A。
【参考译文】 “obsolete”这个词最可能的意思是“no longer in use”。
【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。
【详细解答】 对这一题我们可以通过上下文的意思来判断，文中写
道obsolete words是用来帮助我们阅读古代文学的，由此我们可推断出，obsolete words是用于古代文学中的，即老式词，所以A项“不再使用的”与原文相近，B、C、D都不正确。
3. 答案D。
【参考译文】 人的认识词汇要比自己会用的词汇大得多。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解有关的细节。
【详细解答】在第二段末尾，明确提到recognition vocabulary(认识词汇)是用于读或听的词汇，active vocabulary(会用的词汇)是说和写时用的词汇，后者比前者小得多，即会用的词汇小于认识的词汇，这样不难看出D项是正确的，而A项“比会用的词汇用得少”，这在原文中未曾提及，B、C两项与原文意思不符。
4. 答案B。
【参考译文】 作者并没有建议每天读半小时的字典来把你认识的词汇变成你会用的词汇。
【试题分析】本题考察细节分析能力。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对原文充分理解后，结合排除法来做。文中第三段讨论了这个问题，我们可以在其中发现A项：把你需要用的词列成一张单子，然后在字典中查出生词的涵义，C项：有意识地多用你在阅读中认识的新词，D项：尝试使用你认识的词。在排除以上三项之后只有B项，每天读半小时的字典符合题意。
5. 答案C。
【参考译文】 从本文我们可以得知，一旦你知道一个词如何发音并且代表什么，你就把它变成了你的积极词汇了。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解文章的主旨和大意。
【详细解答】 这一题要求对全文通篇有所理解后才能决定出答案，
并且这种题无法从文中找到一个可用判断的确切依据，须用排除法结合大意来做。
A项认为“字典完全包括我们所用的词汇”，而原文中提到字典并不企图完全包含我们所
用的词汇”，因此A是不正确的。
B项认为“schoolroom在本文中用于说明特定术语”，而文中提到schoolroom时是作为复合词的例证，因此B是不正确的。
C项认为“一旦你知道一个词如何发音且代表什么，你就掌握了这一单词”，这与原文中
的“一旦你知道一个词如何发音且代表着什么，你就能安全地运用它”的意思相符，所以C
项是正确的。
D项认为“会用的词汇指我们在理解阅读材料时所遇到的词汇和所听到的词汇”，而原文写道“会用的词汇是我们在说和写时所用的词汇。”这显然与原文不符，所以D是不正确的。
2
短文大意
本文讨论的是抑郁症的问题。文章认为事实上各行各业的人都可能患抑郁症，但雄心勃勃，有创造力，尽责任的人更易患此病。研究表明本世纪出生较晚的人比出生早的人更易患上抑郁症。抑郁病是很容易察觉的。文章最后介绍了抑郁症的症状，原因及治疗。
6. 答案C。
【参考译文】 根据本文，抑郁症并不限定于任何一个特定阶层的人
。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解有关段落。
【详细解答】 这一题主要是考察读者对第一段的理解。文中一开始
就陈述了以往人们的
错误观点：认为抑郁症在穷人和教育程度不高的人中更为普遍。并且强调事实上各行各业的
人都有可能患该病，尤其是那些雄心勃勃，有创造力，尽责之人更易受此病的折磨。同时，
文中，还强调行政官员和专业人士由于承受的压力过大也会患此病。所以，A项、B项以及D项都与原文不符。答案应为C项。
7. 答案A。
【参考译文】 研究表明抑郁病在今天比过去几十年更常见。
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试题分析】 本题要求了解相关的细节。
【详细解答】 文中第二段指出，一项研究结果表明，本世纪后期的人比早期的人更易患
抑郁症。并举出后两代人患此病的比率增加了10倍的例子来证明。所以我们可判断最佳答案为A顶。而B项认为“抑郁症在上辈们中更为普遍”，这显然与原文相反。C项认为：该病的发生率在父母辈和祖父母辈期间增加了10倍”。这与文中所说的“最近的两代人，即年轻人及他们的父母辈”不相一致。D项认为“抑郁症仅折磨年轻人。”答案片面，因为父母辈也属于受该病折磨的一代人。所以D项也不正确。
8. 答案D。
【参考译文】 下面哪一句话不真实?
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握文章的主旨。
【详细解答】 这一题主要考察读者对整体的
理解。且需用排除法来选择答案。A项认为“极高的期待使人易于患抑郁症”。文中第二段
曾提到年轻一代易患此病是由于他们对生活有太高的期待从而容易失败进而患上抑郁症，所
以A项符合原文，应排除。B项认为“一个患抑郁症的人常感到悲伤、沮丧”这在文中第三段第二句也提到，所以B项符合原文应排除。C项认为“人们无需隐瞒他们患抑郁症的事实，因为这并非一件羞耻的事。”这在文中第四段首句中也明确提到，C项也应排除。D项认为“抑
郁症是遗传的”这与文中第三段“抑郁症并不一定是遗传的”这一提法相反。文中还强调有
许多例子表明许多抑郁症患者的上辈并不曾患过此病。因而D项与原文不符，应选D。
9. 答案B。
【参考译文】 抑郁症在早期很容易治愈。
【试题分析】 本题考查对细节的理解。
【详细解答】 这一题也是对细节的考察。文中提到“nipinthebud case”即治疗及时的病例，患者就能在几天内康复。该短语的原义为“扼杀在萌芽状态”，也就是早期治疗的意思，所以正确答案为B项。
10.答案B。
【参考译文】 本文主要是对抑郁症的简介。
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握文章的大意。
【详细解答】 这篇文章主要是讲述什么呢?通过对全文的理解，概括，我们可推断出此文主要在介绍抑郁症这一病的症状，原因及治疗，所以正确答案是B项。A、C、D都各种强调了一个方面，并且不全面，所以不正确。
3
短文大意
本文主要介绍的是食品装罐工艺。文章介绍了食品装罐的步骤：(1)准备生的食物：(2)漂洗蔬菜；(3)真空包装；(4)消毒；(5)冷却；(6)贴标签，发派给批发商或零售商。
11.答案B。
【参考译文】 “deteriorate”这个词可以用“go bad”来替换。
【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。
【详细解答】 对于不熟悉的单词，可以从上下文判断，在第一段中，主要描述了罐装食
品为何不易腐坏，在出现deteriorate一词的上一句提到罐装食品经过高温消毒，这样罐中
的食品在储存过程中就不会怎样呢?当然是不会变质。所以可想而知此题应选B项。
12.答案B。
【参考译文】 食品在贮存期变质是因为食品被酵母菌、霉和细菌感染了。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解相关的细节。
【详细解答】 储藏的食品变质的原因是什么，这在文章首句中就提
到了。是因为食物被酵母菌，霉和细菌感染了。这样，不难看出B项就是最佳答案。
13.答案C。
【参考译文】 真空包装就是把空气从罐中抽出来。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解相关的细节。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对细节认真阅读后再作出判断。文中第四段详细介绍了真
空包装。各种食品装入罐中后，将所有空气抽出，使外部压强高于内部压强。这样就是所谓
真空包装了。所以最合适的答案应为C项。
14.答案D。
【参考译文】 除了印刷标签，把罐头装进箱子里，下面的各句都是装罐的步骤。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解主旨的事实和细节。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们阅读全文后才能判断。文中描述食品
装罐的步骤包括：(1)准备生的食物。(2)漂洗蔬菜。(3)真空包装。(4)消毒。(5)冷却。(6)贴标签，发派给批发商或零售商。由于现代罐头制造商已提前在罐
子上印刷了标签，所以标签的步骤是在装罐过程开始以前完成的。所以我们可以判断出哪一项是整个过程中不包括的步骤。很明显应选D项。
15.答案C。
【参考译文】 本文主要是关于装罐的工艺。
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握文章的主旨。
【详细解答】 这一题主要是对中心大意的归纳。这篇文章主要是介绍食物装罐的工艺。
重点在技术上。A项“食物储存”只在文中提到过但并非中心。B项“罐装食品的优点”，在
文章也未大篇幅地介绍其优点。D项“罐装食物”。本文重点在介绍罐装食品工艺并未介绍
罐装食物的具体内容。所以C项“食品装罐的工艺”是最合适的答案。
4
短文大意
本文主要讨论的是恐慌症。本文介绍了恐慌症患者所
表现的症状，患恐慌症的原因以及对治疗恐慌病提出建议。一旦确定得了恐慌症，病人应寻
求心理或医学上的帮助。
16.答案C。
【参考译文】 得了恐慌症的病人不太可能受胸痛或背痛之苦。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解相关的细节。
【详细解答】 这一题主要是对细节问题考察，文中第一段很详细地描述了恐慌病患者所
易表现的症状：遇到常人不会害怕的环境他们也会害怕或紧张，感到气短，眩晕，胸痛，心
跳加速，手部有刺痛感。但不曾提到背痛。所以答案应为C项。
17.答案D。
【参考译文】 从本文中我们可以推断，恐慌症的原因还没有得出科学论断。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解相关段落的主旨。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对整个第二段有充分理解，并归纳总结出原因。首先文章
提出了一个非专业人士和一些专家自认为是原因的论点：心理压力。但随后文章又写道：这
一推断还需要科学验证，也就是说，人们对此还未得出科学论断。下文中虽然也列出了一些
能引起恐慌症的因素，却未断言何为主要原因。因此，经过比较，答案应为D项。
18.答案B。
【参考译文】 作者说“let alone the pressure of work on working mothers”，他的
意思是有工作的母亲还要承受更多工作上的压力。
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【试题分析】 本题要求对相关部分作一定的推理和引申。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对文章的隐含意思能有所体会。题中
这句话的重点放在“压力”上，一般家庭主妇的压力就很大，更不用说有工作的母亲所担负的压力了。即有工作的母亲压力更大。所以不难看出，正确答案应为B项。
19.答案A。
【参考译文】 Crocker医生建议，一旦确诊得恐慌症应去看心理医生并得到医治。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解相关段落的细节。
【详细解答】 Dr Crocker出现在第三段，所以我们必须仔细理解这一段才能了解他的建
议。Dr Crocker建议自认为有恐慌症症状的人应先去医生处作检查，排除肉体上其他疾病，
然后在确定患了恐慌症后，病人应寻求心理或医学上的帮助。据此，不难看出答案应为A项。B项混淆了程序，做检查并非为了得到帮助，而是为了得到证实。C项漏掉了证实这一环节，且过于强调立即寻求帮助。D项则与原文相差太远。
20.答案B。
【参考译文】 我们可以很有把握地得出结论，恐慌症在妇女中比在男子中更常见。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解全文的大意。
【详细解答】 这一题看似简单，却考察了读者对全文的理解。A项认为“恐慌症会促使患者渴望离开家。”这在文中并未提到。B项认为“恐慌症在妇女中比在男子中更普遍。”这
在文中第二段中曾提到患恐慌症的女性比男性多。因此B项是正确的。C项认为“恐慌症是致命的。”这与文中曾提到此病不会直接危及人的生命相矛盾，因而为错项。D项认为“恐慌症会产生一些社会问题”这在文中也未提到。
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