3．名词性从句中的虚拟语气
Test yourself
与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。
1) Wouldn't you rather your child _____ to bed early?(2000.1)
A.go B.went C.would go D.goes
2) Mike's uncle insists ____ in this hotel.(2000.1)
A.staying not B.not to stay
C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay
3) Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1)
A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived
4) It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible.(2000.1)
A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent
5) It is recommended that the project _____ until all the
preparations have been made. (1995.6)
A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started
6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.(1998.6)
A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be out off
7) The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6)
A.would present B.present C.presents D.ought to present
8) It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it is about time ____? (1996.6)
A.we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home
9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that
all measures ____ for our defense.(1999.6)
A.had been taken B.would be taken C.be taken D.to be taken
10) It is vital that enough money __________to fund the project. (1997.1)
A.be collected B.must be collected C.is collected D.can be collected
11) I don't think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6)
A.is assigned B.will be assigned C.be assigned D.has been assigned
12) If only the committee ______the regulations and put them into
effect as possible.(1997.1)
A.approve B.will approve C.can approve D.would approve
Explanation and Expansion
A.参考答案：1）B 2） D 3）B 4）D 5）C 6）A
7）B 8）C 9）C 10）A 11）C 12) D
B.评析
与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有：
① 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的动词后面的宾语从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend等。
这里句型的考题中，一般都会有would, must等干扰项，正确选项以省略should者居多，并且常是not do something, 或be的形，尤其是 not be done的形式。如2）5）和9）。
另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something, being done或 on doing something的结构，suggest后也可接动名词。另外，这两个单词也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如insist 表示"坚持认为"，suggest表示"说明""表明"时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。
② 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。
与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如suggestion, order, proposal等后面的that从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如6）7）中都是that同位语从句中使用should + 原形动词，should省略的结构。
③ It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示"命令""建议""要求"的过去分词 + that 从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。
这一句型可分解为
It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential ...that …(should)
It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)
It is a surprise/wonder ..that …(should) …
It is suggested/requested/recommended … that …(should)…
这些句型一律使用should + 原形动词的结构，should可以省略，如4）5）10）题。
注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用should have done 的形式，如：
It is strange that he should have failed in the election.
④ wish
wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况
表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时：
How I wish I had a memory as good as yours.
表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如3）。
表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done 的形式，如：
I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A.could have slept B.slept
C.might have slept D.have slept (1995.6)
由于might表示"也许"，与这里的意思不合，只能用A。
表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might + 原形动词。
How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit.
⑤ If only 表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如：
If only that photograph weren't missing.
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If only the letter had arrived in time.
⑥ would rather
would rather的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有7道题，但would rather从句的时态规则并不复杂。
如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各题：
1) The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office.
A.had not worked B.not to work
C.does not work D.did not work (2000.6)
2) To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case. (1995.1)
A.will not be involved B.not involved
C.not to be involved D.were not involved
3) You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you ____ on
business first. (1998.1)
A.would go B.will go C.went D.have gone
4) Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1)
A.didn't do B.haven't done C.don't do D.have done
5) I'd rather you ____ make any comment on the issue for the time
being.(1998.6)
A.don't B.wouldn't C.didn't D.shouldn't
答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C)
⑦ It's (about/high) time that …
该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如：
"You are very selfish.It's high time you ____ that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily.(1999.1)
A.realized B.have realized C.realize D.should realize
Self-practice
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153-159页的相关题目。
4．状语从句中的虚拟语气
Test yourself
状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指as if/though从句中的虚拟语气，首先请同学们做一下下面三道题：
1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______.
A.didn't exist B.don't exist C.hadn't existed D.were not existing
2) He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it.
A.has received B.had received C.would receive D.received
3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible
______soon.
A.had happened B.happened C.would happen D.has happened
Explanation and Expansion
A．参考答案 1）A 2）B 3） C
B．评析
谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。该从句中时态的选择原则是：
① 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时；
② 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如1）。
③ 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如2）。
④ 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might + 原形动词。
三、定语从句
定语从句在四级英语测试中占有一定的比重，大约在词汇语法题的7.4%，平均每次都有一题，实际测试中有时多达三道题，如1996年6月，98年6月和2000年6月都有三倒考查定语从句的题。在我们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考查之前，先让我们看以下几题：
Test yourself
1) Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____
obtaining water is not the least.(1998.1)
A.for which B.to which C.of which D.in which
2) A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ____were surprising. (1999.1)
A.as results B.which results C.the results of it D.the results of which
3) We need a chairman ____.(1998.6)
A.for whom everyone has confidence B.in whom everyone has confidence
C.who everyone has confidence of D.whom everyone has confidence on
4) The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ___ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6)
A.as B.what C.so D.that
5) The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ____ up to half will be from overseas.(1998.6)
A.in which B.for which C.with which D.of whom
6) Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____overall
consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6)
A.whose B.which C.that D.what
7) We were struck by the extent ____ which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6)
A.to B.for C.in D.with
8) Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. (1996.6)
A.in the same way like B.in the same way which
C.in the same way D.in the same way as
9) I've never been to Beijing, but it is the place ____.(1999.6)
A.where I'd like to visit B.in which I'd like to visit
C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most
10) ___
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might be expected, the response to the question was very
mixed.(1996.6)
A.As B.That C.It D.What
Explanation and Expansion
A． 参考答案: 1) C 2) D 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) A
8) D 9) C 10) A
B． 评析
从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选择，与1，2，3级不同，四级考试中的定语从句虽然也有关系词最一般的用法，但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需要注意
① 关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：
the same … as
such … as
当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找as，选择就变得比较简单，如8。在这种情况下，考生用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。如
Our company won't employ such graduates as you recommend.
I'm determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in.
② 上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。
做定语的关
系词可有以下变体，试比较：
the office whose windows are broken
the office the windows of which are broken
the office of which the windows are broken
上面的2）题就属于the windows of which这种形式。
先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如：
the professor whose car was stolen
the professor the car of whom was stolen
the professor of whom the car was stolen
当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查，如上面的6），只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption就不难判断答案为whose。
③ 注意"介词 + which/whom"的结构做关系词
从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。"介词 + which/whom"主要有以下几种情况
A． 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3）。表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence。
B． "部分 + of + 整体名词"的结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 "部分名词 + of which/whom"的结构。
该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别，如：
He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _____ were
his old classmates.
A.whom B.them C.which D.that
这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。
二是注意该结构可以有变体，即"of whom/which + 部分名词"，上面的5）题就是一例，可以写成up to half of whom。
C． 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个这种考题，如上面的1）题，其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems， 所以用of which，2000年6月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题：
Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which (2000.6)
D． 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，如：
He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which this is an example.
这里用of which因为，正常的结构是an example of the music。
E． 有时介词与先行词构成短语，如7）题，to which源于to … extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。
It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price
change will affect supply and demand.
A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1)
④ 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法
as引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示"正如……"。如上面的4）和10）两题。
一般as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但，as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如：
He promised to help me, which he did.
He was often late for work, which cost him his job.
⑤ 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面9）中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词不能用where，而只能是that/which。再如：
I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country.
⑥ 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。
⑦ 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如：
There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6)
由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，关系词代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示sign的内容。
⑧ 适当注意that和which的不同，什么情况下只能用that，什么情况下只能用which。
⑨ 注意从句与其它成分的区别，如下题：
As _________announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays.
A.being B.is C.to be D.been (1997.1)
这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果是非谓语动词的话，则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据announce与句子主语之间的关系，应该什么都不填，这里还是定语从句。答案为B。
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