英语四、六级考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试：是否掌握所读材料的主旨大意；能否辨认说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；能否根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；是否理解个别句子或词汇的意义（既能理解字面的意思，也能理解隐含的意思）、清楚上下文的逻辑关系；能否就文章的内容进行判断、推理和信息转换。阅读理解的题材广泛，体裁丰富，题型多样。阅读理解的内容包罗万象，包括人物传记、历史、文化、交通、信息、经济、环境、资源、医学等方面。总体上说，其题材主要集中在社会文化、经济生活和科普知识三方面。体裁上以议论文、说明文偏多。主要题型有主观型和客观型。主观型主要测试文章主旨、进行合理推理、提问作者观点、态度等。客观型主要测试事实辨认、词义推测、指代关系、知识常识等。下面具体谈谈如何解答各类不同题型。
第一、推理类问题
请先看短文：
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise．’’says microbiologist Robert Weinberg， an expert on cancer．“But，”he cautions，“some people have the idea that once one understands the causes，the cure will rapidly follow．Consider Pasteur．He discovered the causes of many kindsof infections，but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available．’’
This year，50 percent of the 910，000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years．In the year 2000，the National Cancer Institute estimates，that figure will be 75 percent． For some skin cancer the five-year survivalrate isas high as 90 percent．But other survival statistics are stilldiscouraging—13 percent for lung cancer and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas（胰腺）．
With as many as 120 varieties in existence， discovering how cancer works is not easy．The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s， when they discovered that oncogenes，which are cancer-causing genes（基因），are inactive in normal cells．Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene，but how remains unknown．If several oncogenes are driven into action，the cell，unable to turn them off， becomes cancerous．
1）The example ofPasteurin the passage isused to_________．
A．predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
B．indicate thatthe prospectsfor curing cancer are bright
C．prove that cancer willbe cured in fifty to sixty years
D．warn thatthere isstillalong way to go before cancer can be conquered
2）The author implies that by the year 2000，________．
A．there willbe a drastic rise in the five-year survivalrate of skin-cancer patients
B．90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will be living
C．the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
D．there won’t be adrastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3）Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes_________．
A．that are always in operation in a healthy person
B．which remain harmless so long as they are not activated
C．that can be driven out of normal cells
D．which normalcells can’t turn off
4）The word“dormant”in the third paragraph most probably means________.
A．dead B．ever-present C．inactiveD．potential
问题1、2是推理类问题。这部分往往出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多。推理类问题考查对文章具体内容的判断，它不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出深层含义。
这类问题主要有两种出题方式。第一种如问题2考查是否能推出深层含义。文章的第二段提到year 2000，细读第二段可以发现前半部分讲的是各种癌症在五年内的存活率不同，而考查的内容在后半段but之后，虽然有些癌症存活率较高但像肺癌和胰腺癌五年内的存活率却不容乐观，所以D为正确答案。
这类题从文字表面找不到答案，其含义需要读者在字里行间体会，靠自己的逻辑推理能力去判断，从上下文的联系及文中有关部分的暗示去剖析作者隐含的意思。这类问题的命题方式有：
1）The author ／passage ／paragraph implies&n
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bsp;that__________．
2）It can be inferred from the passage ／the last sentence ／paragraph that_____．
3）The writer indicates that_________．
4）It can be concluded from the passage that________．
5）The passage is intended to________．
6）The author strongly suggests that________．
7）From the passage we can infer that_________．
在做这类问题时，切忌从篇章的个别句子中寻找答案，而应把目光放在全段或全文的理解上：作者到底想强调什么，尤其要注意转折语气的出现，其后的内容往往是考查的重点。
第二种出题方式如问题1考查对技巧性问题的理解。问题1涉及第一段的内容，作者谈到癌症的起因很快会被发现，因此有人认为人们可以很快找到治愈癌症的方法。作者引用Weinberg的话提到Pasteur，他发现了各种感染的起因，而过了五、六十年，人们才找到治愈感染的方法。其目的很明显是在警告人们不要盲目乐观，因此D为正确答案。
文章中的每一句话都有它的作用和目的，都是为作者的写作服务的。有的是下层意思的铺垫，有的是上句话的结果，互相衬托，互相联系。四、六级阅读常常就技巧性问题提问，测试读者对文章的理解是否正确。这类题的命题方式有：
1）In paragraph．．．，the author cites the example of ．．．to show that______．
2）The fact ．．．is mentioned by the author to show_________．
3）The writer talks about ．．．in order to_______．
4）In discussing．．．the author________．
5）The example of．．．in the passage is used to________．
6）The author quotes．．．in paragraph ．．． because________．
总之，解答推理题要通过对文字表面的认识，把握住推理范围，利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识，保持正确的思维过程，遵循严格的逻辑规律，从而做出正确的选择。
第二、细节类问题
问题3、4是细节类问题。考查对具体句子或具体词的理解。
对于细节问题，应首先找到它的考查点，然后根据它的命题规律答题。这类题的题干加答案在意义上通常等于原文中某一部分的内容，即用不同的表达方式使题干加答案与原文相符。所用的方法大致有释义（如问题4）、使用同义词、反义词或词组、利用词汇的同现、复现、上、下义词以及句式和语态的转换（如问题3）等等。干扰项要么与文章中的事实或观点截然相反（如问题3中的A项），要么与文章所述的事实或观点部分不符（如问题3中的D项），要么在文章中根本没有涉及。
这类题目常以“WH-”形式来提问，如who，what，when，where，why及how等形式。这些问题常不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看准题目，看清问题所在，然后，在略读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。
细节类问题涉及面很广，有的涉及数字计算，如问时间、距离、次数、数量等，认真计算后方可选定正确答案；有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻找文中相应部分，最后在题中选出正确答案；还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想象判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。
细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：
1）According to the passage which of the following is TRUE／NOT true？
2）Which of the following is mentioned in the passage？
3）What is the example of．．．as described in the passage？
4）The author mentions all of the following except______．
5）The reason that．．．is that_________．
6）According to the author，what（where，why，how，who，when，etc．）．．．？
第三、态度类问题
请阅读下文：
It was 3：45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken．After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die．The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10．Almost immediately world flashed on the Internet and was picked up，half a world away，by John Hofsess，executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada．He sent it on via the group’s on-line service． Death NET．Says Hofsess，“We posted bulletins all day long，because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia．It’s world history．”
The full import may take a while to sink in．The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill Law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications．Some have breathed sighs of relief，others including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association，bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage．But the tide is unlikely to turn back．In Australia—where an aging population，life-extending technology and chang
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ing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia．In the US and Canada，where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength，observers are awaiting for the dominoes to start falling．
Under the new Northern Territory law，an adult patient can request death— probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering．The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors． After a“cooling off”period of seven days， the patient can sign a certificate of request． After 48 hours the wish for death can be met．For Lloyd Nickson，a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer， the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering，a terrifying death from his breathing condition．“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view，but what I was afraid of was how I’dgo，because I’ve watched people in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks，”he says．
5．The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of_______．
A．opposition B．suspicion C．approval D．indifference
阅读理解的最后一题常常提问作者对文章中某一问题的态度、全文的基调及对文章前后接续内容的判断等。
判断作者的观点和态度主要是通过说话的语气、文章的措词、文体等，同时也应注意语篇中的修辞。有的文章，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚；而有的文章，作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应注意篇章中起连接作用的那些词语；其次应注意那些表明作者观点的词汇，如形容词、动词等。另外，还要注意篇章的体裁。一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的（objective）或中立的（neutral）；而在议论文中，作者会有各种各样的观点，常见的选项有：approval（赞成的）、critical（批评的）、disapproval（不赞成的）、indifferent（漠不关心的）、negative（消极的）、neutral（中立的）、optimistic（乐观的）、pessimistic（悲观的）、positive（积极的）、sarcastic（讽刺的）等。
上文中作者先客观地报道了“安乐死”立法的通过，虽然有人反对，但the tide is unlikely to turn back，可见作者没有反对或怀疑的态度而是赞成，文章最后引用一位病人的话“我并不害怕死亡，我所担心的是怎样去死。我曾在医院看过病人死前在氧气面罩下挣扎的情形”也表明了作者对“安乐死”持赞成态度。
下面是该类问题常用的几种提问方式：
1）What’s the writer’s attitude to ．．．？
2）What’s the tone of the passage？
3）The author’sattitude towards．．． seems to be that of_________．
4）The writer’s attitude of this passage is apparently_________．
5）The author suggests that________．
6）According to the author_________．
7）The author is most________of ．．．
第四、主题类问题
主题即中心思想，是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各种Supporting Details来阐明中心议题。因此，把握主题思想对于理解全文内容具有重要意义。然而，如何找出主题常使考生深感棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案，而找主题往往需要通读全文后才能作出判断。
其命题方式中含有“main idea，subject，purpose”等词，让考生找出中心思想（main idea）或是为文章选择标题（title）或是推断作者的写作意图（purpose）。
做这种题时，应采用快速阅读法浏览全文，理解文章主旨大意，阅读时要注意抓住表达中心思想的句子。无论是做阅读还是短文听力，文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。其次还要从篇章的结构着手，利用自己的推理能力，对文章的信息进行分析，从而归纳总结出主题。
这类题常见的命题方式有：
1）What is the passage mainly about？
2）In the passage the author focuses on ________．
3）The best title for this passage might／could be_________．
4）What is the main idea（subject）of this passage ？
5）What does this passage mainly （primarily）concern？
6）The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is________．
7）On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook ？
8）The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to________．
9）Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ？
总之，做题前应
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先用扫描法弄清问题的类型及出题角度，再带着问题看短文，注意与问题有关的信息词及与问题有关的段落范围。做题时，应注意不同的题型采取不同的解题思路和技巧，以提高解题的速度和准确率。
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