Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist（免疫学家）Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not th4e experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned（使形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist（免疫学家）Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half co
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uld not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not th4e experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned（使形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _____________.
A) was strengthened
B) was not affected
C) was altered
D) was weakened
12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _________.
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli
B) turn off the electricity
C) behave passively in controllable situations
D) become abnormally suspicious
13. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiments avoided saccharin was that __________.
A) they disliked its taste
B) it affected their immune systems
C) it led to stomach pains
D) they associated it with stomachaches
14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that _____________.
A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin.
B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
C) their immune systems had
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been altered by the mind
D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals __________.
A) can be weakened by conditioning
B) can be suppressed by drug injections
C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin
D) can be altered by electric shocks
关键句型
5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。"
They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.
6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.
7． as…as…can（may）be
It is as plain as plain can be.
8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"
It is in life as in a journey.
答案和译文
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A
译文
我们有时认为惟有人类易受忧虑伤害，但紧张情绪似乎也影响了低级动物的免疫系统。例如，在一次实验中，丹佛大学的行为免疫学家马克·朗顿斯拉格对24只老鼠进行了轻微的电击。一半老鼠能通过转动笼子里的一个轮子切断电源，而另一半却不能。朗顿斯拉格将两组老鼠配成对，每次一只老鼠转动轮子，它就能保护自己和无能为力的伙伴免遭电击。朗顿斯拉发现，无能为力的老鼠免疫反应降至正常以下，但那些能够切断电流的老鼠却没有。他认为，他所证明的是缺乏控制事件的能力会削弱免疫系统，而非经历本身。
其他研究者也同意他的看法。杜克大学医学院的心理学家琼·伟斯已经证明：被允许控制不快刺激的动物不出现睡眠障碍，大脑化学成分也不发生变化，这些正是老鼠紧张的典型表现。但是，如果动物遭遇过不能控制的情况，以后它们面对能控制的事件时行为就会被动。这些发现加强了心理学家的猜疑，无助的经验或感知是压抑情绪中最有害的因素之一。
心情改变免疫反应最令人惊讶的例子之一是偶尔发现的。1975年，罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家罗伯特·阿德通过同时给老鼠喂糖精和注射抑制免疫系统的药使其胃部不适，使老鼠形成条件反射避开糖精。因为把糖精和胃痛联系起来，老鼠很快就学会避开糖精。为消除对糖精的厌恶，阿德再次给这些老鼠喂糖精，但这次没给药；他惊讶地发现一些老鼠死了，这些老鼠在以前形成条件反射期间吃的糖精最多。他只能这样推测：他成功地使老鼠形成条件反射，现在仅用削弱其免疫系统的糖精就足以使其致死。
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