英语句子成分结构详解：doc全文下载 href="/Upload/UploadFiles//coach_UploadFiles_8112/201311/2013112710152759.doc">英语句子成分结构详解：doc全文下载
英语句子成分结构详解+英语关键句型72种
一、 英语语句基本结构分析：
（一）主谓宾结构：
1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般
在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
eg: The boy comes from America.
He made a speech.
Tow and tow is four.
To be a teacher is my dream.
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.
2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词（vi.）没
有宾语，形成主谓结构，
eg:We come.
Many changes took place in my home town.
注（以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去，如：com
e, go 等）
3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，
him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。
eg：I will do it tomorrow.
The boy needs a pen.
I like swimming.
I like to swim this afternoon.
（二）主系表结构：
1、主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
2、谓语：联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变
成,go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词
或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。（1）当联系动词不是
be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last.
His face turned red.
（2）感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。
I feel good.我感觉好。
The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。
例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
（三）There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；
或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
（一）形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
（二）数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
（三）形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
（四）介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
（五）名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
（六）分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
(七)定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目
的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，
通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须
在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动
词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教
室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地
点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
（一）副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前
置）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状
语）
（二）介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
（三）分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
（四）不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
（五）名词作状语：
Come this way!走这条路！（方向状语）
（六）状语从句：
时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，
条件状语从句
四、直接宾语和间接宾语：
（一）特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
（二）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为
间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.
五、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复
合宾语。
（一）名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
（二）名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
（三）名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
（四）名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
（五）名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
六、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
七、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结
构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I belie
ve,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，
等。
八、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结
构。
例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是
人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使
用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如：
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词
短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
英语关键句型72种
1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型
She had said what it was necessary to say.
2． 强调句型
It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.
3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）
He was all gentleness to her.
4． 利用词汇重复表示强调
A crime is a crime a crime.
5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。"
They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.
6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.
7． as…as…can（may）be
It is as plain as plain can be.
8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"
It is in life as in a journey.
9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。
The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.
10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）
I will make a scientist of my son.
12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式
She is too angry to speak.
13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。
You know but too yell to hold your tongue.
14． "no more …than…"句型
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
15． "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .
16． "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
Nothing is more precious than time.
17． "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"，"sufficient"等
You cannot be too careful.
18． "否定+but "结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
19． "否定+until (till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定译为肯定。
Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.
20． "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.
21． "疑问词+should…but "结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。
Who should write it but himself?
22． "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。
Who knows but (that) he may go?
23． "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，"祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，you。
Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.
24． "名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。
A word, and he would lose his temper.
25． "as…,so…"结构，这里的"so"的意思是"in the same way"（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
26． "if any"结构，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有："if anything"（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），"if a day"（=at least，至少）。
There is little, if any, hope.
27． "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"结构，这里，"be it"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表示"very"。
Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.
28． "the last+不定式"和"the last +定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
He is the last man to accept a bride.
29． "so…that…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。
He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.
30． "more + than+原级形容词（副词）"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
It is more than probable that he will fall.
31． "more than +动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二分地"等。
This more than satisfied me.
32． "good and …"的副词用法，译为"非常"，"很"等。类似还有"nice and …", "fine and …," "lovely and …", "bright and …", "rare and …", "big and …"等，均表示程度。
The apples are good and ripe.
33． "and that"结构，这个"and that"应译为"而且……"，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强，"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。
Return to your work , and that at once.
34． "at once…and"结构，这个结构译为"既……又……"，起相关连接的作用，相当于"both…and…"。
The novel is at once pleasing and instructive.
35． "in that…"结构，这个结构的意思是"在那一点上（方面）"，可译为"因为"。类似的结构还有"in this…"。
The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs.
36． "the name notwithstanding"结构，这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词，这个介词可以置前，可以置后，比如也可写成："notwithstanding the name"。起让步状语的作用。
Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored.But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding.
37． "Every…not"和"All…not"结构，"Every…not"表示"不见得每个……都是……"；"All…not"表示"不见得所有……都是……"的意思。
Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen.
38． "may as well not…as"结构，此结构可译为"与其……不如不……"。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.
39． "have only to …do"结构，此结构表示"只须（消）……就能……"的意思。
We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it.
40． "not (no) …unless…"句型
No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.
41． "better…than…"句型
Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
42． "as it were"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是"好象"，"可以说"等。
Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.
43． 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。
Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.
44． "not…any more than…"为："不能……，正如不能……"。
One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.
45． "By that as it may"是"Let it be that as it may"的省略形式，是由"be"引起的另外一种假设结构，意思是"虽然如此，尽管这样"。
It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a new product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.
46． "if at all"是一个由"if"引起的主谓结构不完整的短句结为"即将……"，"即使……"等。
I can see only with great difficulty, if at all.
47． 由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构.
There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more accurate than wine will explore its remote corners.
48． "range from …to…"结构。这是一个常见结构，译时很多情况下应变通处理，不能完全依靠辞典上的释义。
Computer applications range from an assembly line completely run by computers to a children toy responding to remote signals.
49． "the way…"结构
I always thought she was a common-sense person who discussed things the way they ought to be discussed.
50． 复杂宾补结构
In recent years, the development of sensitive and accurate measuring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies.
51． 某些分隔结构
1） 动词短语相关部分被分隔（当"make use of "，"take notice of"，"pay attention to"，
等动词短语变成被动语态时）。
Use is made of solar energy in heating houses.
2）双重定语引起的分隔。
But there is of culture another view, in which not solely the scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are, natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground of it.
52． "to be doing…when…"是一个句型，多译为"某人正在做……时，突然……"。在简单的句子中容易看出，一旦句子变得复杂一些，可能就不太容易识别这种句型。
She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 o'clock, when a "very big, very tall man", accosted them and demanded their purses.
53． "too…to"句型
Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.
54． "so much that…"句型
But he developed gradually a very musical English. He learnt to write sentences that fall away on the ear with a misty languor and it delighted him so much that he could never have enough of it.
55． "when"引导状语从句有时并不好译，不能一看到when从句就考虑译为"当……的时候"，它还有许多种译法。
Anything is better than not to write clearly. There is nothing to be said against lucidity, and against simplicity only the possibility of dryness. This is a risk that is well worth taking when you reflect how much better it is to be bold than to wear a curly wig.
56． "not…because…"，有时可否定前面，有时可否定because本身，往往出现歧义。应根据上下文面判定。
In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was; nor, because she had more readers, was Ella wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.
57． "so…that, such…that"是一个普通的句型，但在同一个句子里有两处使用它却比较少见。
The truth is, that in one point of view, this matter of national literature has come to such a pass with us, that in some sense we must turn bullies, else the day is lost, or superiority so far beyond us, that we can hardly say it will ever be ours.
58． "by doing…"结构。这个结构的意思是"通过（做）……"，但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义，不少情况下需要灵活变通。
The hippos, by depositing dung in the water, fed the fish that support the storks that destroy the rare trees.
59． 下面例句为一倒装句，主语很长，而且又含有非常复杂的句型。这是以形容词作表语的倒装，翻译实践中多把倒装部分译到最前面。
No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought up that they cannot get so much pleasure out of processes and experiences resulting in a poorer life less full of meaning.
60． "what…of"句型
I can not say of myself what Johnson said of Pope: He never passed a fault unamended by indifference, nor quitted it by despair. I do not write as I do; I write as I can.
61． 英语的一个习惯用法是：当否定谓语think（believe）时，实际上是否定其后面的宾语从句。否定就落在宾语从句上。这样宾语从句就变成了双重否定，译时可以按双重否定译，也可按肯定来译。
It is a valuable work. I do not think anyone writes so well that he cannot learn much from it.
62． "to have not…(as) to see…"中的不定式也有否定意味。
He had not the good breeding to see that simplicity and naturalness are the truest marks of distinction.
63． "It occurred to sb. that…"意为"突然想到"，"It dawned on sb.that…"."突然想起"等。 从句是想起的内容。
I remember once being on a bus and looking at a stranger. He suddenly looked back at me-i.e.our eyes met. My instinctive reaction was to avert my gaze. It occurred to me that if I had continued to maintain eye contact, I would have been rude and aggressive.
64． "It follows that…"="It happens as a result…"常常被译为"由此可见"，"因此"，"从前"，"可以推断"等等。
It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist.
65． "that's all there is to it "，意思是"也不过如此而已"。可根据上下文视情况处理。
If I'm touched, I'm touched-that's all there is to it.
66． "The chances are that…"是一句型，译为"有可能……"。
The chances are you will never attempt that speed with poetry or want to race though some passages in fiction over which you wish to linger.
67． Feel, see, leave引起宾语的宾语补足语，或在被动语态中引起主语补足语的某些惯用句型，有时see和feel这两个词的被动式不大好译。遇到这种情况应挖掘其深层含义，不要拘泥于表面形式。
The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.
68． 某此以no, nowhere, never, not…bout, not…any, nothing but, hardly, scarcely, seldom等否定词语引出的一些结构。
I never go past the theatre but I think of his last performance.
69． 某些用choice between, to know better, whether or, should have avoided(或done better)等表示从两种做法中选取一种更好的做法
Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of libing.
70． 某些省略情况，应清单确认省略的内容。
The country had grown rich, its commerce was large, and wealth did its natural work in making life softer and more worldly, commerce in deprovincializing the minds of those engaged in it.
71． 修饰成分（包括定语、定语从句、同位语从句等）多而长。
Across the court from the Manhattan apartment that I have occupied for the past few years is a dog that often hurls insults into the darkness, a few of which my dog refuses to accept and makes a tart reply.
72． 一些外位语，所谓外位修饰，指从句子结构和内容上不起主要信息表达功能的部分。其作用是从语气和连接上下文等方面进行补充。在翻译成汉语时，往往可独立成句，外形上不保留修饰的痕迹。
Of course, nobody was hurt this time, because we had all been to dinner, none of us being novices excepting Hastings; and he having been informed by the minister at the time that he invited him that in deference to the English custom the had not provided any dinner.
