并列(coordination)是英语词、句重要的连接手段,是指两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同,并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的结构序列。值得注意的是:并列的成分必须是在同一层次上,并具有相同的句法功能,如果不具备这个条件,那就不是并列结构。如名词词组an elderly,talkative teacher和a talkative old teacher ,前者中的elderly和 talkative是并列成分,因为两者都直接修饰 teacher;而后者中的old直接修饰teacher,talkative则不是修饰teacher,而是修饰old teacher,因此,talkative和old两者在语法结构上属于不同的层次,不能称之为并列成分。
并列成分可以是词、词组的并列,如: ladies and gentlemen(名词),buy or sell(动词),good but expensive(形容词);a doctor and a nurse(名词词组),with strength but without confidence(介词词组)。也可以是分句的并列,如:He is a teacher,and his wife is a doctor.
并列结构可以是主语、谓语动词的并列,也可以是表语、状语的并列。例如:John and his wife are my closest friends.(主语)
Hespeaks,used to speak,with a very strong accent.(谓语动词)
This dress is very cheap but rather old-fashioned.(表语)
You can go to Beijing by train or by air.(状语)
从构成上来说,并列结构是较为固定的。因为它的形成离不开并列连词的连接,而并列连词为数较少。最典型的并列连词有三个:and,or和but。and,or用法非常广泛,具备并列连词的全部句法功能。除上述三个并列连词外,还有几对“关联并列连词”:not only...but(also),both...and,either ...or,neither ...nor等。
若按词汇意义划分,并列连词主要可以分为以下四种类型:
1.以and为代表的表示意义引申类
除and外,both...and,not only...but also,and ...as well为肯定意义类引申,not...nor,neither...nor为否定意义类引申等。例如:Shanghai is the biggest city,and the economic and financial center in China.
She can both sing and dance.
Not only the mother but also the children are sick.
I will not do it,nor consider it.
Neither has Mary wanted to rent a house,nor does her husband.
2.以or为代表的表示选择概念类
除or外,还有either ...or。例如:You can do it yourself or ask someone else to do it.
Either you or he is wrong.
3.以but为代表的表示转折意义类
除but外,还有not...but,while,whereas,only等。例如:He is young but capable.
It’s not mine,but yours.
John is quiet,while his brother is talkative.
4.以for为代表的因果关系类
除for外,还有so,thus,therefore,hence等。例如:He is absent today,for he is sick.
He studies hard,thus he gained high marks.



