作者：佚名 点击数： 更新时间：2005-1-27 六级改错专项析
沈星星
综合改错是大学英语六级考试的第四部分，也是一个非常重要的部分。它主要测试学生的英语综合表达能力，要求学生在全面理解内容的基础上，根据上、下文增添、删去或改正某一个词或词组，使短文意思连贯，结构正确。而这部分题却占有较大的比例(10%)，难度也比较大。从历次全国统考的结果看，考生这部分的得分一直很不理想，分数很低。这里面有两个主要原因：一是考生缺乏较好的语言基础知识，即基本功不扎实，二是考生缺乏相应的辅导和针对性练习。一般而言，在综合改错上，一旦知道了正确的答案就不要再过多地回味那个错误的句子，应该尽快把正确的句子和用法深深地刻在自己的记忆中。多读错误只能积累和巩固错误。多读正确英文才能逐渐对错误产生很强的“免疫力”。
应试对策如下：
1、首先要通读全文，从全篇水平上理解全文，这样才能准确找出错误之处。也就是说切忌拿起来就改；
2、从上下文的关系里找出连接关系和逻辑关系上错用的词；
3、从句型、词类的固定搭配(如动词、形容词、介词等词类的搭配)及其它习惯用法上找出错误或用法不当之处；
4、从语法的基本要求出发去发现语法错误(如名词的性、数、格，动词的时、语态、语气、数等)；
5、在这基础上，必须充分发挥理解、推理、判断乃至猜想能力，加上以往的经验，使前后左右相互呼应；
6、实在找不出来时，挑一个可能错了的词并进行改正。这是因为，改错了扣1分，不改还是扣1分。所以，改了总比不改好，说不定还改对了呢。
为了让考生迅速熟悉六级改错的题型并掌握解改错题的基本方法，这里以几篇改错题为例，详细讨论六级改错的题型特点，并加以归纳、总结，使考生对六级改错有全面的了解，掌握解题思路和技巧，不至于考试时一看到改错题，就觉得无从下手。
ONE
Living is risky. Crossing the road driving a car flying swallowing an aspirin tablet or eating a chicken sandwich-they can all be fatal. Clearly some risks worth taking especially when the rewards are high a man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that jumping out of a second floor window is an acceptable risk to save its life. But in medicine a few procedures drugs operations or tests are really a matter of life and death. There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients. Surgery for cancer may cure or prolong a life but the removal of tonsils扁桃体cannot save anything a sore throat. Blood pressure drugs definitely help some people live after a heart attack but these same drugs may be both necessary and harmful for those with only mild blood pressure problems.
Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are preparing to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter not a decision we should remain to doctors alone.
解析：
1. risks ∧ worth → are。本句有一个由“when”引导的时间状语从句。主句“Clearly some risks worth taking”缺少谓语动词。worth是形容词，一般用于短语“be worth doing”值得做某事。原句中错把worth当成动词，漏掉了一个系动词are。
2. its → his。本句比较长，首先分析其结构：a man是主语；“surrounded by ... smoke”是分词的后置定语；considers是主要谓语动词；that引导宾语从句；从句中“jumping...window”是动名词做主语；is是系动词；“an acceptable risk”是表语；to save its life是risk的定语。此句意为：“一个被火焰和浓烟包围的人一般认为跳出二楼窗户是救他的命的一个可以承受的冒险办法。”因而这里life指的是这个人的life，代词its用错了，要改为his。这属于代词与先行词一致性方面的错误。
3. are ∧ really → not。本句语法上没有错误，但是从上下文的理解来看，本句应是否定含义，不是肯定含义。从句首的“But”转折连词判断，上文提到跳窗户救命是关系生死的大事，但是在医学上，一些实验、程序等等却不是关系生死的事情。“a matter of life and death”是“涉及生死的事情”。此处属于篇章理解错误。
4. medicine → medical。此处是词性错误。medicine是名词“医学、医药”的意思，不能用来修饰后面的名词reasons因而要改成形容词medical。
5. in → on。此处是固定搭配错误。depend on：依靠。dependent是depend的形容词形式。dependent on：依靠......的。
6. anything ∧ a → but。“cannot save anything a sore throat”句意不通顺，anything和a sore throat喉咙痛是两个名词短语，不能叠用，中间根据句意应加上一个but。全句译为：切除扁桃体只能治喉咙痛。这属于连接词错误。
7. necessary → unnecessary。本句属于篇章理解错误。necessary and harmful构成一对矛盾，因而要把表示正面含义的necessary变成表示负面含义的unnecessary。
8. preparing → prepared。“be prepared to do ...”是固定短语，意思是“准备做某事”，相当于“be ready to do ...”。这里prepared作形容词用。“be preparing”只能解释为进行时态，很显然这里不应用进行时态。put up with：承受、忍受。
9. high → highly。high是形容词，后面personal也是形容词，形容词不能修饰另一个形容词，因而把high变成highly。副词可以修饰形容词。这属于词性错误。
10. remain → leave。remain：保持、仍然，是一个表示状态的动词，其用法和系动词“be”相似，后面所接成分一般是名词或形容词，作表语。例如：He remains silent all through the night.leave是“留下，留给”的意思，是及物动词。leave sth. to sb：把某物留给某人。例如：Please leave the reference book to me.本句很明显是leave ...to ...的句型，所以应把remain改成leave。这是易混词错误。
根据以上改错真题分析可以看出，错误类型主要有篇章理解错误73、77，词性错误71、74、79，固定搭配错误75、78，代词与先行词一致性方面的错误72，易混词错误80，连接词错误76。
TWO
Punctuality准时 means observing遵守 regular or appointed time. A man who gets up at seven o'clock every morning is punctual. A man who has permitted to call on a friend at five o'clock in the afternoon and actually does such at that hour is also punctual.
Punctuality is a good habit and unpunctuality is a bad one. A few minutes delay may not be a serious matter.
But it may have bad results. Getting up five minutes later than usually may upset the plan of the day.
Call on a friend five minutes later than the appointed time may cause him some unexpected trouble. Nevertheless habitual unpunctuality leads to indolence懒惰 and even failure in life.
One delay after another makes a man unable to exert himself. It also proves him be untrustworthy.
Those who are unpunctual should try their best to get rid from their bad habit. In doing this they should avoid making any kind of exception. They should ever say to themselves″A few minutes' delay does not matter this time. I shall never be unpunctual again.″ Those who think in this way wil
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l find excuses for delay from time to time and will at least give up the attempt cultivating the good habit of punctuality.
Like all other good habits punctuality becomes second nature with those who have duly cultivated it.
解析：
1. permitted → promised。permit作为动词，是“允许”的意思，常用于词组permit sb. to do sth.：允许某人做某事。根据上下文，此处应译为：“一个许诺下午五点钟拜访一位朋友，而事实上也做到了这一点的人是准时的”。这里所表达的意思是“许诺”，不是“允许”，应用promise并且promise to do sth.是“许诺做某事”的意思，从语法上也符合。此句是易混词错误。
2. such → so。such和so的共同点在于两者都是代词，都是“这样”的意思。区别在于such不能单独代替某成份，而so可以独立代替前文所提及的事。如此句中does such a thing = does so但是does such却不符合语法。本句属于代词误用错误。
3. minutes → minutes'。本句中minutes是名词，不能直接修饰后面的名词delay，应该用名词所有格形式，改成minutes'。这属于词性错误。
4. usually → usual。usually是副词，意思是“通常地”。这里five minutes later than usual中的“... than usual”是固定搭配。usual的类似用法还有as usual和平常一样。这是固定搭配错误。
5. Call → Calling/To call。本句主语是一个动词短语，但是动词短语做主语时，其中的动词只能用动名词或不定式的形式，因而把Call改成Calling或To call。此句属于非谓语动词错误。
6. Nevertheless → Moreover。Nevertheless作为连词，表示转折，意思是“然而，但是”。根据上下文理解，这里应是一个递进关系，不是转折关系。前一句是“迟到五分钟会给他带来预想不到的麻烦”，后一句说“经常不准时导致懒惰和失败”，因而是更进一步说明的递进关系，须把nevertheless改成moreover。这是连接词错误。
7. him ∧ be → to。“prove sb. to do sth.”是固定搭配，意思是“证明某人做某事”。原句缺少不定式标志to。这属于固定搭配的错误。
8. from → of。“get rid of”是固定搭配，意思是“摆脱”。用from是错误用法，应把它改成“of”。这属于固定搭配错误。
9. ever→ never。本句属于篇章理解方面的错误。根据上下文，此句应是否定句。上文说“他们应该避免有任何例外”，下文说“这样想的人总会为他们的迟到找借口”，因而此句作者要表达的意思是“他们不应该这样说……”，所以要把ever改成never。
10. cultivating → to cultivate 。cultivate意思是“培养”，这里做名词attempt的定语。“attempt (n.) to do sth.”意思是“做某事的尝试/努力”，应用不定式做后置定语。此句属于非谓语动词错误。
THREE
解析：
本文论述人们就good and bad manners的观点分岐，并通过两个实例来阐述以上主题。
1. on→by。本题考点介词搭配，根据人们如何占用周围空间的方式来判断。本题易错改well-mannered为good-mannered，但well-mannered为正确的复合词，有礼貌的、行为端庄的。
2. unaware→aware。本题考点上下文理解→反义词。such a person指上文的well-mannered person，当然在街上走时不会“目中无人”。
3. as→than。本题考点比较连词的关键搭配。根据上一行中之more即可确定改as为than。
4. it→which。本题考点句子结构，代词及定语从句。逗号后，人称代词he前的代词it显然不可能出现在正常的英语语句中，根据本句主从句的结构分析，即可确定两逗号间为一非限制定语从句。
5. at→in。本题考点介词基本用法。country前一段用介词in。
6. hasn't→hadn't。本题考点时态。综观进过第二实例的二、三、四段，短文全部都了过去时间的时态。
7. American→Arab。本题考点上下文理解→相关词反义。第二例讲述的是一位赴阿拉伯传统餐宴的美国人不了解阿拉伯食品，闹出笑话，而主人顺水推舟，以自己的行为挽回美国人面子这样的一个故事。7题所在句子为虚拟语气：“如果他了解阿拉伯食品，他也许不至于如此举止”。
8. as→like。本题考点易淆介词as意为“作为”，like意为“象”，根据本行意思，这里当是：“摆在他美国人面前一大片很薄的面包，在他眼里看上去非常像一块餐巾。因此，他就把那块面包拿起，塞到衣领里，让它挂在衬衫前。”
When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a lady who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around them-for example when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never bump into other people.
However a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. Instead this other person told us a story it he said was quite well known about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American hasn't been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had known about American food he might have behaved better.
Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked to him very much as a napkin 餐巾 Picking it up he put it into his collar so that it falls across his shirt.
His Arab host who had been watching said of nothing but immediately copied the action of his guest.
And that said this second person was a fine example of good manners.9. falls→fell。本题考点：时态，阐述见6题。本句意思为：“因此，他就把那块面包拿起，塞到衣领里，让它挂在衬衫前。”
10. of→删。本题考点动词句型。say后换something等复合代词时为及物动词，不用介词，本句中said nothing为与后面copied并列的两个主句谓语动词。
FOUR
解析：
1. Viewing→Viewed。在句中作状语，与句子主语modern footballer之间是动宾关系，应该用过去分词，所以Viewing应改为Viewed。
2. inaccurate→accurate。根据概念同现原理，目标准确才有可能得分高，所以从scores high来判断，inaccurate是错误的，应改为accurate。
3. 句子缺少主语，根据主从句的意思来看，主语应该是he，所以在enjoys前加主语he。
4. look up at→look at。为短语重叠，look up表示“敬仰，查寻”与本句意思不符，应该用look at，表示如果想了解这种转变如何发生，我们就必须看一看我们的祖先是如何作的。
5. year→years。为可数名词，这里应该用复数形式，应改为years。
6. even if→even。用以加强语气，表示“甚至”，应该用even，而不是even if，所以if应该去掉。
7. and→or。chasers runner jumpers aimers throwers 与pre-killers之间应该是选择并列关系，所以and应改为or。
8. when→after。when用于引导状语从句，但是this immensely long formative period of hunting for food为Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our periods. Many 1. time/times/period of the arguments having used for the study of literature as a school 2. / subject are valid for∧ study of television. 3. the Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
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> To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in
the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life even if their bodies became radically changed. They became chasers runners jumpers aimers throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago when this immensely long formative period of hunting for food they became farmers.
Their improved intelligence so vital to their old hunting life were put to a new use-that of penning 把 …… 关在圈中 controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival.名词短语，when使用不当，根据句子的意思应该改为after。
9. were→was。主语为their improved intelligence为单数形式，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式，were应该改为 was。
10. farming→hunting。根据话题原则，farming 应该改为hunting。
以上改错模拟题的分析，主要错误类型有易混词错误，代词误用错误，词性错误，固定搭配错误，非谓语动词错误，连接词错误。综合以上改错考题的分析，我们可以看到，很难说出全部错误类型，因为无论是语法或词汇等方面小的细节还是篇章理解等大的方面都能成为改错的对象。由于考生不仅要理解单个句子，更需要理解上下文逻辑关系或其发展的脉络，才能进行判断和订正，所以，综合改错的难度超越了词汇本身测试的难度。
另外，综合改错题的设计兼有句子改错题及完形填空题的双重特点。句子改错题的特点是：测试语言知识，四个划线部分必有一错。完形填空题的特点是：测试篇章能力为主，每个空格有四个选项，仅择其一。而综合改错题的特点是含错误项的句子中，由于错项与其他干扰项没有单独用横线标出，因此错误项和正确项互相干扰，难以把握。此外，综合改错题不象完形填空题那样给出备选的正确答案，对大多数考生来说，正确地判断并改正错误是相当难的。
但是，尽管很难把改错题完全分类，这并不意味着无规则可循。经过对各类考试以及历年考题的分析、总结，我们归纳出上面六种主要错误类型。虽然这六个类型并不能代表所有的错误类型，但是它们能为广大考生提供思考问题的方法，使他们在做改错题时，能够有的放矢，准确迅速地找到并改正错误。
练习题
Error Correction 15 minutes
Directions This part consists of a short passage. In this passage there are altogether 10 mistakes one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided If you change a word cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word put an insertion mark ∧ in the right place and write the missing word in the blank lf you delete a word cross it out and put a slash / in the blank.
(1)
Until the very latest moment of his existence man has been bound to the planet on which he originated and developed. Now he had the capability to leave that planet and move out into the universe to those worlds which he has known previously only directly. Men have explored parts of the moon put spaceships in orbit around another planet and possibly within the decade will land into another planet and explore it. Can we be too bold as to suggest that we may be able to colonize other planet within the not - too - distant future ﹖ Some have advocated such a procedure as a solution to the population problem. ship the excess people off to the moon. But we must keep in head the billions of dollars we might spend in carrying out the project. To maintain the earth's population at its present level. we would have to blast off into space 7500 people every hour of every day of the year.
Why are we spending so little money on space exploration ﹖ Consider the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured into the space exploration efforts. But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.答案：
1. had----->has
2. directly----->indirectly
3. into----->onto/on
4. too----->so
5. planet---->planets
6. head----->mind
7. little----->much
8. consider----->considering
9. they删
10. arriving----->arriving at 或 reaching2(15 minutes)
more people die of tuberculosis结核病than of any other disease caused by a single agent .This has probably been the case in quite a while . During the early stages of the industrial revolution . perhaps one in every seventh deaths in Europe's crowded cities were caused by the disease .From now on though western eyes missing the global picture saw the trouble going into decline .With occasional breaks forward the rates of death and infection in the Europe and America dropped steadily trough the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1950s the introduction of antibiotics抗菌素 strengthened the trend in rich countries and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to poor countries . Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew .
they are wrong .In the mid-1980s the frequency of infections and deaths started to pick up again around the world .Where tuberculosis vanished it came back in many places where it had never been away it grew better. The World Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people a third of the earth's population suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rated was falling population growth kept th
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e number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 million a year .Around 3 million of those people died nearly all of them in poor countries .
1. in——for (时态)
2. seventh——seven (数词)
3. were ——was (主谓一致)
4. now——then (时间)
5. the 删6. imported——exported
7. are——were
8. vanished 前加had
9. better——worse
10. constantly——constant
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