SECTION III
Time-35 minutes
26 Questions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, More than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, You are to choose the best answer; that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the questions. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous. or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer; blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
Questions1-2
Those who support the continued reading and performance of Shakespeare's plays maintain that in England appreciation for his work has always extended beyond educated elites and that ever since Shakespeare's own time his plays have always been known and loved by comparatively uneducated people. Skepticism about this claim is borne out by examining early eighteen-century editions of the plays. These books, with their fine paper and good bindings, must have been far beyond the reach of people of ordinary means.
1. The main point of the argument is to
(A) suggest that knowledge of Shakespeare's play is a suitable criterion for distinguishing the educated elite from other members of English society
(B) provide evidence that at some time in the past appreciation for Shakespeare's play was confined to educated elites
(C) prove that early eighteenth-century appreciation for Shakespeare's works rested on aspects of the works that are less appreciated today
(D) demonstrate that since Shakespeare's time the people who have known and loved his work have all been members of educated elites
(E) confirm the skepticism of the educated elite concerning the worth of Shakespeare's plays
2. Which one of the following describes a reasoning error in the argument?
(A) The argument uses the popularity of Shakespeare's plays as a measure of their literary quality.
(B) The argument bases an aesthetic conclusion about Shakespeare's plays on purely economic evidence.
(C) The argument anachronistically uses the standards of the twentieth century to judge events that occurred in the early eighteenth century.
(D) The argument judges the literary quality of a book's ten on the basis of the quality of the volume in which the text is printed.
(E) The argument does not allow for the possibility that people might know Shakespeare's plays without having read them.
3. Organization president: The stationery and envelopes used in all of the mailings from our national headquarters are made from recycled paper, and we never put anything but letters in the envelopes. When the envelopes have windows are also made from recycled material. Therefore the envelopes and thus these mailings, are completely recyclable.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the organization president's argument depends?
(A) All the paper used by the organization for purposes other than mailings is recycled.
(B) The mailing from the organization's national headquarters always use envelopes that have windows.
(C) The envelope windows made from recycled material are recyclable.
(D) The envelopes and stationery used in the organization's mailings are always recycled.
(E) The organization sends mailings only from its national headquarters.
Questions4-5
The frequently expressed view that written constitutions are inherently more liberal than unwritten ones is false. No written constitution is more than a paper with words on it until those words are both interpreted and applied. Properly understood, then, a constitution is the sum of those procedures through which the power of the state is legitimately exercised and limited. Therefore, even a written constitution becomes a liberal constitution only when it is interpreted and applied in a liberal way.
4. The main point of the argument above is that
(A) written constitutions are no more inherently liberal than are unwritten constitutions
(B) the idea of a written constitution, properly understood, is inherently self-contradictory
(C) unwritten constitutions are less subject to misinterpretation than are constitutions that have been written down
(D) liberal constitutions are extremely difficult to preserve
(E) there are criteria for evaluating the interpretation and application of a constitution.
5. If the statements in the argument are all true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
(A) careful analysis of the written text of a constitution can show that the constitution is not a liberal one.
(B) It is impossible to determine that a written constitution is liberal merely through careful anal
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ysis of the written text.
(C) There are no advantages to having a written rather than an unwritten constitution.
(D) Constitutions that are not written are more likely to be liberal than are constitutions that are written.
(E) A constitution is a liberal constitution if it is possible to interpret it in a liberal way.
6. As far as we know, Earth is the only planet on which life has evolved, and all known life forms are carbon-based. Therefore, although there might exist noncarbon-based life on planets very unlike Earth, our scientific estimates of the probability of extraterrestrial life should be generated from estimates of the number of planets like Earth and the likelihood of carbon-based life on those planets.
Which one of the following general principles most strongly supports the recommendation?
(A) There is no good reason to think that unobserved phenomena closely resemble those that have been observed.
(8) A scientific theory that explains a broad range of phenomena is preferable to a competing theory that explains only some of those phenomena.
(C) It is preferable for scientists to restrict their studies to phenomena that are observable and forego making estimates about unobservable things.
(D) A scientific theory that explains observed phenomena on the basis of a few principles that are independent of each other is preferable to a theory that explains those same phenomena on the basis of many independent principles.
(E) Estimations of probability that are more closely tied to what is known are preferable to those that are less closely tied to what is known.
7. Politician: Unless our nation redistributes wealth, we will be unable to alleviate economic injustice and our current system will lead inevitably to intolerable economic inequities. If the inequities become intolerable, those who suffer from the injustice will resort to violence to coerce social reform. It is our nation's responsibility to do whatever is necessary to alleviate conditions that would otherwise give rise to violent attempts at social reform.
The statements above logically commit the politician to which one of the following conclusions?
(A) The need for political reform never justifies a resort to violent remedies.
(B) It is our nation's responsibility to redistribute wealth.
(C) Politicians must base decisions on political expediency rather than on abstract moral principles.
(D) Economic injustice need not be remedied unless it leads to intolerable social conditions.
(E) All that is required to create conditions of economic justice is the redistribution of wealth.
8. Delta green ground beetles sometimes remain motionless for hours at a stretch, although they are more active in wet years than in dry years. In 1989 an observer sported ten delta green ground beetles in nine hours; in 1985 the same observer at the same location had counted 38 in about two hours. This difference probably does not reflect a drop in the population of these rare beetles over this period, however, because 1985 was a wet year and 1989 was relatively dry.
Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion drawn above?
(A) Because of their excellent camouflage, delta green ground beetles are almost impossible to see if they are not moving.
(B) The only habitat of delta green ground beetles is around pools formed by the collection of winter rains in low-lying areas.
(C) Della green ground beetles move about very little to get food; most of their moving from one place to another is related 10 their reproductive behavior.
(D) Della green ground beetles are so rare that, although the first specimen was found in 1878, a second was not found until 1974.
(E) No predator relies on the delta green ground beetle for a major portion of its food supply.
9. Chronic fatigue syndrome, a condition that afflicts thousands of people, is invariably associated with lower-than-normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood. Further, malabsorption of magnesium from the digestive tract to the blood is also often associated with some types of fatigue. These facts in themselves demonstrate that treatments that raise the concentration of magnesium in the blood would provide an effective cure for the fatigue involved in the syndrome.
The argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?
(A) It fails to establish that lower-than-normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood are invariably due to malabsorption of magnesium.
(D) It offers no evidence that fatigue itself does not induct lowered concentrations of magnesium in the blood.
(C) It ignores the possibility that even in people who are not afflicted with chronic fatigue. Syndrome concentration of magnesium in the blood fluctuates.
(D) It neglects
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to state the exact concentration of magnesium in the blood which is considered the normal concentration.
(E) It does not specify what methods would be most effective in raising the concentration of magnesium in the blood.
Questions 10-11
Consumer advocate: The toy-labeling law should require manufacturers to provide explicit safety labels on toys to indicate what hazards the toys pose. The only labels currently required by law are labels indicating the age range for which a toy is intended. For instance, a "three and up" label is required on toys that pose a choking hazard for children under three years of age. Although the current toy-labeling law has indeed reduced the incidence of injuries to children from toys, parents could prevent such injuries almost entirely if toy labels provided explicit safety information.
10. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the consumer advocate's argument:
(A) Certain types of toys have never been associated with injury to children.
(B) Most parents believe that the current labels are recommendations regarding level of cognitive skill.
(C) The majority of children injured by toys are under three years of age.
(D) Many parents do not pay attention to manufacturers' labels when they select toys for their children.
(E) Choking is the most serious hazard presented to children by toys.
11. The statement that the law should require explicit safety labels on toys serves which one of the following functions in the consumer advocate's argument"?
(A) It is a general principle supporting the conclusion of the argument.
(B) It is a proposed compromise between two conflicting goals.
(C) It is the conclusion of the argument
(D) It is evidence that must be refuted in order to establish the conclusion of the argument.
(E) It is a particular instance of the general position under discussion.
12. Proponents of organic farming claim that using chemical fertilizers and pesticide in farming is harmful to local wildlife. To produce the same amount of food, however, more land must be under cultivation when organic farming than when chemicals are used. Therefore, organic farming leaves less land available as habitat for local wildlife.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the author's argument depends?
(A) Chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose no health threat to wildlife.
(B) Wildlife living near farms where chemicals are used will not ingest any food or water containing those chemicals.
(C) The only disadvantage to using chemicals in farming is their potential effect on wildlife.
(D) The same crops are grown on organic farms as on farms where chemicals are used.
(E) Land cultivated by organic farming methods no longer constitutes a habitat for wildlife.
13. Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons; so alligators must be air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons.
In terms of its logical features, the argument above most resembles which one of the following?
(A) Green plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen back into the air; so it follows that grass takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen into the air.
(B) Some red butterflies are poisonous to birds that prey on them: so this particular red butterfly is poisonous to birds that prey on it.
(C) Knowledge about the empirical world can be gained from books; so Virginia Woolfs' book A Room of One's Own must provide knowledge about the empirical world.
(D) Dierdre has seen every film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder: so Dierdre must have seen Ali: Fear Eats the Soul, a film directed by Fassbinder.
(E) Skiers run a high risk of bone fracture: so it is likely that Lindsey, who has been an avid skier for many years, has suffered a broken bone at some point.
14. Although inflated government spending for weapons research encourages waste at weapons research laboratories, weapons production plants must be viewed as equally wasteful of taxpayer dollars. After all, by the government's own admission, the weapons plant it plans to reopen will violate at least 69 environmental, health, and safety laws. The government has decided to reopen the plant and exempt it from compliance, even though the weapons to be produced there could be produced at the same cost at a safer facility.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?
(A) It offers no evidence that the "safer'" alternative production site actually complies with any of the jaws mentioned.
(8) It concedes a point regarding weapons research laboratories that undermines its conclusion about weapons production plants.
(C) It relies on evidence that does not directly address the issue of w
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asteful spending.
(D) It confuses necessary expenditures for research with wasteful spending on weapons
(E) It fails to establish that research laboratories and weapons production plants are similar enough to be meaningfully compared.
Questions15-16
Dr. Godfrey: Now that high school students are allowed to work more than 15 hours per week at part-time jobs, those who actually do so show less interest in school and get lower grades thin those who do not work as many hours at part-time jobs. Obviously, working long hours at part-time jobs during the school year contributes to the academic problems that many of our high school students experience.
Dr. Nash: That's not so. Many of our high school students set out to earn as much money as they can simply to compensate for their lack of academic success.15. Dr. Nash responds to Dr. Godfrey's argument by doing which one of the following?
(A) attempting to downplay the seriousness of the problems facing academically troubled high school students
(B) offering an alternative interpretation of the evidence cited by Dr. Godfrey
(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence on which Dr. Godfrey bases his conclusion
(D) proposing that the schools are not at fault for the academic problems facing many high school students
(E) raising the possibility that there is no relationship between academic problems among high school students and part-time employment
16. The answer to which one of the following would be the most helpful in determining whether the conclusion that Dr. Godfrey draws could be logically defended against Dr. Nash's counterargument?
(A) whether people who have had academic problems in high school are ultimately less successful in their careers than people who have not had such problems
(B) whether students are allowed to spend more than 15 hours per week at school-sponsored nonacademic extracurricular activities such as team sports or clubs
(C) whether the students who work more than 15 hours per week and have academic problems had such problems before they began to work that many hours
(D) whether employers and high school students typically obey all the laws that regulate the conditions under which young people may legally be employed
(E) whether high school students who have after-school jobs continue to work at those jobs after graduating from high school
17. X: Medical research on animals should not be reduced in response to a concern for animals, because results of such research serve to avert human suffering. In such research a trade-off between human and animal welfare is always inevitable, but we should give greater weight to human welfare.
Y: With technology that is currently available, much of the research presently performed on animals could instead be done with computer modeling or human subjects without causing any suffering.
The relationship of Y's response to X's argument is that Y's response
(A) contradicts a premise on which X's argument relies
(B) disagrees with X about the weight to be given to animal suffering as opposed to human suffering
(C) presents a logical consequence of the premises of X's argument
(D) strengthens X's argument by presenting evidence not mentioned by X' argument
(E) supplies a premise to X's argument that was not explicitly stated
8. In experiments in which certain kinds of bacteria were placed in a generous supply of nutrients, the populations of bacteria grew rapidly, and genetic mutations occurred at random in the populations. These experiments show that all genetic mutation is random.
Which one of the following, if true, enables the conclusion to be properly drawn?
(A) Either all genetic mutations are random or none are random.
(B) The bacteria tested in the experiments were of extremely common forms.
(C) If all genetic mutations in bacteria are random, then all genetic mutations in every other life form arc random also.
(D) The kind of environment in which genetic mutation takes place has no effect on the way genetic mutation occurs.
(E) The nutrients used were the same as those that nourish the bacteria in nature.
19. Thomas: The club president had no right to disallow Jeffrey's vote. Club rules say that only members in good standing may vote. You've admitted that club rules also say that all members whose dues are fully paid are members in good standing. And since, as the records indicate, Jeffrey has always paid his dues on time, clearly the president acted in violation of club rules.
Althea: By that reasoning my two-year-old niece can legally vote in next month's national election since she is a citizen of this country, and only citizens can legally vote in national elections.The reasoning in Thomas' argument is flawed because his argument
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>(A) fails to take into account the distinction between something not being prohibited and its being authorized
(B) offers evidence that casts doubt on the character of the club president and thereby ignores the question of voting eligibility
(C) wrongly assumes that if a statement is not actually denied by someone, that statement must be regarded as true
(D) does not specify the issue with respect to which the disputed vote was cast
(E) overlooks the possibility that Althea is not an authority on the club's rules
20. Calories consumed in excess of those with which the body needs to be provided to maintain its weight are normally stored as fat and the body gains weight. Alcoholic beverages are laden with calories. However, those people who regularly drink two or three alcoholic beverages a day and thereby exceed the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight do not in general gain weight.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?
(A) Some people who regularly drink two or three alcoholic beverages a day avoid exceeding the caloric intake necessary to maintain their weight by decreasing caloric intake from other sources.
(B) Excess calories consumed by people who regularly drink two or three alcoholic beverages a day tend to be dissipated as heat.
(C) Some people who do not drink alcoholic beverages but who eat high-calorie foods do not gain weight.
(D) Many people who regularly drink more than three alcoholic beverages a day do not gain weight.
(E) Some people who take in fewer calories than are normally necessary to maintain their weight do not lose weight.
21. When a person with temporal lobe epilepsy is having an epileptic seizure, part of the brain's temporal lobe produces abnormal electrical impulses, which can often, but not always, be detected through a test called an electroencephalogram (EEG). Therefore, although a positive EEG reading-that is, evidence of abnormal electrical impulses-during an apparent seizure is a reasonably reliable indicator of temporal lobe epilepsy, __________
Of the following, which one logically completes the conclusion above?
(A) a positive reading is just as reliable an indicator of the absence of temporal lobe epilepsy
(B) a positive reading can also indicate the presence of other forms of epilepsy
(C) a positive reading is more frequently an erroneous reading than is a negative one
(D) a negative reading does not mean that temporal lobe epilepsy can be ruled out
(E) a negative reading is just as reliable an indicator of the presence of temporal lobe epilepsy
22. In Sheldon most bicyclists aged 18 and over have lights on their bicycles, whereas most bicyclists under the age of 18 do not. It follows that in Sheldon most bicyclists who have lights on their bicycles are at least 18 yean old.
Which one of the following exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?
(A) Most of the people in Sheldon buy gasoline on Mondays only. But almost everyone in Sheldon buys groceries on Tuesdays only. It follows that fewer than half of the people in Sheldon buy gasoline on the same day on which they buy groceries.
(B) The Sheldon Library lent more books during the week after it began lending videos than it had in the entire preceding month. It follows that the availability of videos was responsible for the increase in the number of books lent.
(C) Most of the residents of Sheldon who voted in the last election are on the Conservative party's mailing list, whereas most of Sheldon's residents who did not vote are not on the list. It follows that most of the residents of Sheldon on the Conservative party's mailing list voted in the last election.
(D) In the country where Sheldon is located, every town that has two or more fire trucks has a town pool, whereas most towns that have fewer than two fire trucks do not have a town pool. It follows that Sheldon, which has a town pool, must have at least two fire trucks.
(E) In Sheldon everyone over the age of 60 who knits also sews, but not everyone over the age of 60 who sews also knits. It follows that among people over the age of 60 in Sheldon there are more who sew than there are who knit.
23. Asbestos, an almost indestructible mineral once installed as building insulation, poses no health risk unless the asbestos is disturbed and asbestos fibers are released into the environment. Since removing asbestos from buildings disturbs it, thereby releasing asbestos fibers, the government should not require removal of all asbestos insulation.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Asbestos poses far less risk to health than does smoking, drug and alcohol abuse, improper diet or lack of exercise.
(B) Asbest
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os can post a health threat to workers who remove it without wearing required protective gear.
(C) Some kinds of asbestos, when disturbed, pose greater health risks than do other kinds.
(D) Asbestos is inevitably disturbed by building renovations or building demolition.
(E) Much of the time, removed asbestos is buried in landfills and forgotten with no guarantee that it will not be disturbed again.
Question24-25
When volcanic lava solidifies, it becomes uniformly magnetized in the direction in which the Earth's magnetic field points. There are significant differences in the direction of magnetization among solidified lava flows from different volcanoes that erupted at different times over the past several million years. Therefore, it must be that the direction of the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time. Since lava flows differing by thousands of years in age often have very similar directions of magnetization, the change in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field must take place very gradually over hundreds of thousands of years.
24. The argument that the direction of the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time requires the assumption that
(A) only lava can be used to measure the direction of the Earth's magnetic field as it existed in the distant past
(B) a single volcano can produce lava of differing consistencies during different eruptions
(C) not all solidified lava has changed the direction of its magnetization unpredictably
(D) there are fewer volcanic eruptions now than there were millions of years ago
(E) as lava flows down the side of a volcano, it picks up magnetized rocks
25. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion that the change in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field happened very slowly?
(A) The changes in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field are determined by the chaotic movement of iron-containing liquids in the Earth's outer core.
(B) There has not been a change in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field since scientists have begun measuring the direction of magnetization of lava flows.
(C) The direction of the Earth's magnetic field has undergone a complete reversal several times over the past few million years.
(D) A lava flow has been found in which the direction of magnetization in the center of the flow differs significantly from that on the surface, even though the flow took only two weeks to solidity completely.
(E) Since the rate at which molten lava solidifies depends on the temperature and altitude of the environment, some lava flows from volcanoes in certain areas will take years to solidity completely.
26. When the manufacturers in a given country are slower to adopt new technologies than their foreign competitors are, their production costs will fall more slowly than their foreign competitors' costs will. But if manufacturers' production costs fall less rapidly than their foreign competitors' costs do, those manufacturers will be unable to lower their prices as rapidly as their foreign competitors can; and when a country's manufacturers cannot lower their-prices as rapidly as their foreign competitors can, that country gets squeezed out of the global market.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
(A) If the manufacturers in one country raise their prices, it is because they have squeezed their foreign competitors out of the global market.
(B) If manufacturers in one country have been squeezed out of the global market, this shows that their foreign competitors have adopted new technologies more rapidly than they have.
(C) If a country's foreign competitors can lower their production costs more rapidly than the country's own manufacturers can, then their foreign competitors must have adopted new manufacturing techniques.
(D) If a country's manufacturers adopt new technologies at the same rate as their foreign competitors, neither group will be able to squeeze the other out of the global market.
(E) If a country's manufacturers can lower their prices as rapidly as their foreign competitors can, this shows that they adopt new technology at least as fast as their foreign competitors do.
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