aPassage 7
Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the
Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled
economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the
more striking because it followed a long period of severe
(5) internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire
had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had
possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was
being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times
threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the
(10) empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its
subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary
production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh
century, however, the empire had regained almost half of
its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its
(15) influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy
had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scho-
larship had advanced.
To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and
economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single
(20) phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms
of progress have gone together in a number of states and
civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century
Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity.
Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential
(25) connections among military, economic, and cultural
forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of
historical change.
The common explanation of these apparent conn-
ections in the case of Byzantium would run like this:
(30) when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its
own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy
territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and
more money became available to patronize art and lit-
erature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to
(35) economic advances
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a, which in turn led to cultural revival.
No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times
during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that
military advances invariably came first. economic
advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the
(40) 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab
incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the
Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the
empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic
revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830.
(45) Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to
have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars
and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of
the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a
revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in
(50) 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military
revival followed by economic and then by cultural
recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival
of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the
subsequent economic and military expansion.
1. Which of the following best states the central idea of
the passage?
(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in
which the usual order of military and economic
revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the
Byzantine Empire between the eighth and
eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the
sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth-
century Athens.
(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a
military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted
until 1453.
(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning
is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic
and military precursors have yet to be discovered.
(E) The revival of the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aByzantine Empire between the
eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural
rebirth preceding economic and military revival,
the reverse of the commonly accepted order of
progress.
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is
which of the following?
(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine
revival
(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century
Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and
military expansion against which all subsequent
cases must be measured(C) To suggest that cultural, economic. and military
advances have tended to be closely interrelated in <
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 下一页
BR> different societies.
(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan
Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they
are unrelated to other historical examples
(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians
should seek to make comparisons with the
earliest chronological examples of revival
3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the
eleventh century the Byzantine military forces
(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline
(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army
(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome
under Augustus
(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid
Caliphate’s military forces
(E) had achieved control of Byzantine governmental
structures
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Byzantine
Empire sustained significant territorial losses
(A) in 600
(B) during the seventh century
(C) a century after the cultural achievements of the
Byzantine Empire had been lost
(D) soon after the revival of Byzantine learning
(E) in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably
provides an explanation of the apparent connections
among economic, military, and cultural development
in orde
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ar to
(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium
accords with this model
(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be
not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium
(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical
scholarship about Byzantium
(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for
which no historical precedent exists
(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount
element in the growth of empires
6. Which of the following does the author mention as
crucial evidence concerning the manner in which
the Byzantine revival began?
(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to
economic and cultural advances.
(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the
900’s.
(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward
the end of the eighth century.
(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine
Empire had regained much of its lost territory.
7. According to the author, “The common explanation”
(line 28) of connections between economic, military,
and cultural development is
(A) revolutionary and too new to have been applied
to the history of the Byzantine Empire
(B) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature
of progress
(C) not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole,
but does perhaps accurately describe limited
periods during the revival
(D) equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a
whole and to the history of military, economic,
and cultural advances in ancient Greece and
Rome
(E) essentially not helpful, because military, economic,
and cultural advances are part of a single
phenomenon
Passage 8
Virtually everything astronomers known about objects
outside the solar system is based on the detection of
photons-q
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 auanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there
is another form of radiation that permeates the universe:
(5) neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge,
and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other
particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire
universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of
matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neu-
(10) trinos can thus escape from regions of space where light
and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked
by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them
information about the site and circumstances of their
production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos
(15) could provide new information about a wide variety of
cosmic phenomena and about the history of the uni-
verse.
But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts
so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years
(20) passed between Pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino
existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all
research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created
artificially in large particle accelerators and studied
under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope,
(25) capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to
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co-
nstruct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is
extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous
with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons),
and the more massive the detector, the greater the pro-
(30) bability of one of its nucleon’s reacting with a neutrino.
In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded
from the interfering effects of other particles.
Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed
a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the
(35) mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Under-
water Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project call
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 as for
placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilo-
meters under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is
the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a
(40)particle in an atom of seawater. the result is a cascade of
electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can
be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of sea-
water above the sensors will shield them from the interf-
ering effects of other high-energy particles raining down
(45) through the atmosphere.
The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project
is that it will exploit an important source of information
about the universe. The extension of astronomy from
visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays
(50) never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects
such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of
these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy
will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.
1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the
passage as a whole?
(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy
(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe
(C) The Creation and Study of Neutrinos
(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works
(E) The Properties of the Neutrino
2. With which of the following statements regarding
neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely
to agree?
(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present
forms of astronomy.
(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the
DUMAND project fails.
(C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead to
major breakthroughs in astronomy.
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that
will be more surprising than past discoveries.
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be characterized
by a large time lag between hypothesis and
experimental confirmation.
3. In the las
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 at paragraph, the author describes the
development of astronomy in order to
(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino
astronomy can be seen as part of a series of
astronomical successes
(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND
apparatus in detecting neutrinos
(D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino
astronomy will illuminate
(E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with
that of the astrophysicists working on the
DUMAND project
4.According to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos
have for studies in astronomy is that they
(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five years
(B) possess a variable electric charge (C) are usually extremely massive
(D) carry information about their history with them
(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles
5. According to the passage, the primary use of the
apparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to
(A) increase the mass of a neutrino(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them(C) study the internal structure of a neutrino
(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space
(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos
6. The passage states that interactions between neutrinos
and other matter are
(A) rare
(B) artificial
(C) undetectable
(D) unpredictable
(E) hazardous
7. The passage mentions which of the following as a
reason that neutrinos are hard to detect?
(A) Their pervasiveness in the universe(B) Their ability to escape from different regions of
space
(C) Their inability to penetrate dense matter
(D) The similarity of their structure to that of nucleons
(E) The infrequency of their interaction with other
matter
8. According to the passage, the interaction of a neutrino
with oth
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aer matter can produce
(A) particles that are neutral and massive
(B) a form of radiation that permeates the universe
(C) inaccurate information about the site and
circumstances of the neutrino’s production
(D) charged particles and light
(E) a situation in which light and other forms of
electromagnetic radiation are blocked
9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to
establish the properties of neutrinos was
(A) detection of photons
(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with
gamma rays
(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially
created
(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with
particles of seawater
(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation
Passage 9
Most economists in the united States seem
captivated by the spell of the free market. Conse-
quently, nothing seems good or normal that does
not accord with the requirements of the free market.
(5) A price that is determined by the seller or, for
that matter, established by anyone other than the
aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accord-
ingly, it requires a major act of will to think of
price-fixing (the determination of prices by the
(10) seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable
economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal
in all industrialized societies because the indus-
trial system itself provides, as an effortless conse-
quence of its own development, the price-fixing
(15) that it requires. Modern industrial planning
requires and rewards great size. Hence,
a comparatively small number of large firms will
be competing for the same group of consumers.
That each large firm will act with consideration of
(20) its own needs and thus avoid selling its products
for more than its competitors charge is commonly
recognized by advocates of free-market economic
theories
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a. But each large firm will also act with
full consideration of the needs that it has in
(25) common with the other large firms competing for
the same customers. Each large firm will thus
avoid significant price-cutting, because price-
cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest
in a stable demand for products. Most economists
(30) do not see price-fixing when it occurs because
they expect it to be brought about by a number of
explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
Moreover, those economists who argue that
allowing the free market to operate without inter-
(35) ference is the most efficient method of establishing
prices have not considered the economies of non-
socialist countries other than the United states.
These economies employ intentional price-fixing,
usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing
(40) by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements
covering the members of an industry are common-
place. Were there something peculiarly efficient
about the free market and inefficient about price-
fixing, the countries that have avoided the first
(45) and used the second would have suffered drastically
in their economic development. There is no indica-
tion that they have.
Socialist industry also works within a frame-
work of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s,
(50) the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries
some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a
more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist
system. Economists in the United States have
hailed the change as a return to the free market.
(55) But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices
established by a free market over which they
exercise little influence than are capitalist firms;
rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to
fix prices.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ae theory that the free market plays a
useful role in the development of industrialized
societies
(B) suggest methods by which economists and members
of the government of the United States can
recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms
(C) show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and
the operation of the free market are not only
compatible but also mutually beneficial
(D) explain the various ways in which industrialized
societies can fix prices in
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order to stabilize the free
market
(E) argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an
inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any
industrialized society
2. The passage provides information that would answer
which of the following questions about price-fixing?
Ⅰ.What are some of the ways in which prices can be
fixed?
Ⅱ. For what products is price-fixing likely to be more
profitable that the operation of the free market?
Ⅲ.Is price-fixing more common in socialist
industrialized societies or in nonsocialist
industrialized societies?
(A) Ⅰonly(B) Ⅲ only (C) Ⅰand Ⅱonly
(D) Ⅱand Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
3. The author’s attitude toward “Most economists in the
United States”(line 1) can best be described as
(A) spiteful and envious
(B) scornful and denunciatory
(C) critical and condescending
(D) ambivalent but deferential
(E) uncertain but interested
4. It can be inferred from the author’s argument that a
price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”(line 7)
because
(A) people do not have confidence in large firms
(B) people do not expect the government to
regulate prices
(C) most economists believe that consumers as a
group should determine prices
(D) most economists associate fixed prices with
communist and socialist economies
(E) most economists believe that no one group
should dete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 armine prices
5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in
industrialized societies is normal arises from the
author’s statement that price-fixing is
(A) a profitable result of economic development
(B) an inevitable result of the industrial system
(C) the result of a number of carefully organized
decisions
(D) a phenomenon common to industrialized and
nonindustrialized societies
(E) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by
government and industry
6. According to the author, price-fixing in nonsocialist
countries is often
(A) accidental but productive
(B) illegal but useful
(C) legal and innovative
(D) traditional and rigid
(E) intentional and widespread
7. According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet
Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s
(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.
(B) Soviet firms have less control over the free market.
(C) Soviet firms are able to adjust to tech nological
advances.
(D) Soviet firms have some authority to fix prices.
(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
8. With which of the following statements regarding the
behavior of large firms in industrialized societies
would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) The directors of large firms will continue to
anticipate the demand for products
(B) The directors of large firms are less interested in
achieving a predictable level of profit than in
achieving a large profit.
(C) The directors of large firms will strive to reduce the
costs of their products
(D) Many directors of large firms believe that the
government should establish the prices that will be
charged for products
(E) Many directors of large firms believe that the price
charged for products is likely to increase annually.
9. In the passage, the author is pr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aimarily concerned with
(A) predicting the consequences of a practice
(B) criticizing a point of view
(C) calling attention to recent discoveries
(D) proposing a topic for research
(E) summarizing conflicting opinions
Passage 10
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called
“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”
Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that
caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in
(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called
adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing
in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by
inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals
that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.
(10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing,
adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes
of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and
A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc-
(15)turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types
of rec
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eptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching
there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than
they otherwise would.
For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attri-
(20)buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-
esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical
called cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exert
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-
tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at
(25)the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about
by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater
amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-
ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the
caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production
(30)of phosphodiesterase in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 athe brain are much higher than
those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com-
pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not
stimulants.
To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre-
(35)venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the
stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with
their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in
the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors
(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in
the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the
receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-
tion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine
and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most
(45) effective compounds in both regards.
There were some apparent exceptions to the general
correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding
and stimulation. One of these was a compound called
3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very
(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder
et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to
their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has
mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with
psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally
(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this
property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low
concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon
that is not yet fully understood
(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and
reconcile the differences between them
(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory
that overcomes the problems encountered in the first
two
(D) describe an alternat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aive hypothesis and provide
evidence and arguments that support it
(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the
inconsistencies and contradictions in it
2. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the
theory proposed by Snyder et al?
(A) At very low concentrations in the human brain. both
caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive
rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.
(B) The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low
concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its
receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their
ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low
concentrations
(C) The concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons
in the human brain that leads to increased neuron
firing can be produced by several different
phosphodi esterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.
(D) The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge
adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is
much greater than the concentration that produces
behavioral stimulation in humans.
(E) The concentration of IBMX required to dislodge
adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much
smaller than the concentration that stimulates
locomotion in the mouse.
3. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from
adenosine in that caffeine
(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans,
whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans
only
(B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine
has only a stimulatory effect
(C) increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target
neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such
concentrations
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(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is
bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine
inhibits such release
(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of
concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine
inhibits only neuron firing
4. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX,
Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for
psychoactive drugs to have
(A) mixed effects in the brain
(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
(C) close structural relationships with caffeine
(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion
(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors
in the brain
5. The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe that if the
older theory concerning caffeine’s effects were correct,
which of the following would have to be the case?
Ⅰ.All neurotransmitters would increase the short-term
concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons.
Ⅱ.Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the
production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants.
Ⅲ.All concentration levels of caffeine that are high
enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the
production of phosphodiesterase.
(A) Ⅰ only
(B) Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
(C) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(D) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
6. According to Snyder et al, all of the following
compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain
EXCEPT
(A) IBMX
(B) caffeine
(C) adenosine
(D) theophylline
(E) phosphodiesterase
7. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1
and A2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to
which of the following?
(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and
phosphodiesterase
(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and
adenosine
(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and
neurotransmitters
(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in
the brain
8. The
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aauthor quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most
probably in order to
(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their
theory
(B) summarize a major finding of their experiments
(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the
mouse
(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in
general correlations
(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older
theory
9. The last paragraph of the passage performs which of the
following functions?
(A) Describes a disconfirming experimental result
and reports the explanation given by Snyder et al in
an attempt to reconcile this result with their theory.
(B) Specifies the basis for the correlation observed by
Snyder et al and presents an explanation in an
attempt to make the correlation consistent with the
operation of psychoactive drugs other than caffeine.
(C) Elaborates the description of the correlation
observed by Snyder et al and suggests an additional
explanation in an attempt to make the correlation
consistent with the older theory.
(D) Reports inconsistent experimental data and
describes the method Snyder et al will use to
reanalyze this data.
(E) Provides an example of the hypothesis proposed by
Snyder et al and relates this example to caffeine’s
properties.
Passage 11
Archaeology as a profession faces two major prob-
lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry
sums are available for excavating and even less is avail-
able for publishing the results and preserving the sites
(5)once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless
objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal
excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being
sold to the highest bidder.
I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that
(10) would at one stroke provide funds
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 afor archaeology and
reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose
that scientific archeological expeditions and govern-
mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for
(15) the excavation and preservation of ar
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chaeological sites
and the publication of results. At the same time, they
would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market,
thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal
activities.
(20) You might object that professionals excavate to
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient arti-
facts are part of our global cultural heritage, which
should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the
highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique
(25) artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply,
everything that comes our of the ground has scientific
value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be
correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scien-
tific value. Practically, you are wrong.
(30) I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient
lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In
one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently
uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in
a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions
(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-
dance---more than 4,000 examples so far.
The basements of museums are simply not large
enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-
ered in the future. There is not enough money even to
(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found
again and become as inaccessible as if they had never
been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,
sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the
pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to
(45) sale, e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aach could be photographed and the list of the
purchasers could be maintained on the computer A
purchaser could even be required to agree to return the
piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging
(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.
But the demand for the clandestine product would be
substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked
pot when another was available whose provenance was
known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the
professional archaeologist who excavated it?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts
(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the
archaeological profession
(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value
from those that have no such value
(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites
(E) a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts
2. The author implies that all of the following statements
about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:
(A) A market for such artifacts already exists.
(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific value.
(C) There is likely to be a continuing supply of such
artifacts.
(D) Museums are well supplied with examples of such
artifacts.
(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those
already catalogued in museum collections.
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a
disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum
basements?
(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to
such artifacts.
(B) Space that could be better used for display is taken
up for storage.
(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become
separated from each other.
(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in
temperature
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aand humidity.
(E) Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus
cannot be located once they are put in storage.
4. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (lines
31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?
(A) Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable,
although more rare, than royal seal impressions.
(B) Artifacts that are very similar to each other present
cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.
(C) Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and
therefore could be sold, are available in large
quantities.
(D) Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing
large quantities of salable artifacts.
(E) Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread,
particularly on the island of Cyprus.
5. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the
official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation
is based on w
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hich of the following assumptions?
(A) Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy
authenticated artifacts.
(B) The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.
(C) Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.
(D) Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only
duplicate artifacts.
(E) Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts
could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal
excavators.
6. The author anticipates which of the following initial
objections to the adoption of his proposal?
(A) Museum officials will become unwilling to store
artifacts.
(B) An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the
demand for them will fall.
(C) Artifacts that would have been displayed in public
places will be sold to private collectors.
(D) Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of
artifacts for resale.
(E) Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more
commonplace.
7. The auth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aor implies that which of the following would
occur if duplicate artifacts were sold on the open
market?
Ⅰ.Illegal excavation would eventually cease
completely.
Ⅱ.Cyprus would become the primary source of
marketable duplicate artifacts
Ⅲ.Archaeologists would be able to publish the
results of their excavations more frequently
than they currently do.
(A) Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅲ only
(C) Ⅰand Ⅱonly
(D) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
Passage 12
Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the
1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA)
began making federally guaranteed loans and govern-
ment-sponsored management and technical assistance
(5) available to minority business enterprises. While this
program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to
form new businesses, the results were disappointing,
since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations,
and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15
(10) years after the program was implemented, minority
business receipts were not quite two percent of the national
economy’s total receipts.
Recently federal policymakers have adopted an
approach intended to accelerate development of the
(15) minority business sector by moving away from directly
aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting
larger, growth-oriented minority firms through interme-
diary companies. In this approach, large corporations
participate in the development of successful and stable
(20) minority businesses by making use of government-
sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a
participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise
Small Business Investment Company or MESBIC. The
MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority
(25) businesses that have potential to become future suppliers
or customers of the sponsoring company.
ME
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aSBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing
established firms with easier access to relevant manage-
ment techniques and more job-specific experience, as
(30) well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms
a greater opportunity to develop sound business founda-
tions than does simply making general management
experience and small amounts of capital available.
Further, since potential markets for the minority busi-
(35) nesses already exist through the sponsoring companies,
the minority businesses face considerably less risk in
terms of location and market fluctuation. Following
early financial and operating problems, sponsoring
corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above
(40) the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate
sufficient income and to sustain the quality of manage-
ment needed. MESBIC’c are now emerging as increas-
ingly important financing sources for minority enter-
prises.
(45)Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of
Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach
investments in minority firms more pragmatically than
do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior
managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter
(50) often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsi-
bility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are
riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria
would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have pro-
duced uneasiness among many minority staff members,
(55) who feel that minority entrepreneu
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rs and businesses
should be judged by established business considerations.
These staff members believe their point of view is closer
to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are
concerned that, unless a more prudent course is fol-
lowed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the origi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 anal SBA
approach.
1. Which of the following best states the central idea of
the passage?
(A) The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority
entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for
success than does the original SBA approach.
(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view
between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.
(C) After initial problems with management and
marketing, minority businesses have begun to
expand at a steady rate.
(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new
businesses now have several equally successful
federal programs on which to rely.
(E) For the first time since 1960, large corporations are
making significant contributions to the development
of minority businesses.
2. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach
differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
(A) seek federal contracts to provide markets
for minority businesses
(B) encourage minority businesses to provide markets
for other minority businesses
(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the
minority business sector
(D) rely on the participation of large corporations to
finance minority businesses
(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their
location
3. Which of the following does the author cite to support
the conclusion that the results of the SBA program
were disappointing?
(A) The small number of new minority enterprises
formed as a result of the program
(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took
advantage of the management and technical
assistance offiered under the program
(C) The small percentage of the nation’s business
receipts earned by minority enterprises following
the programs, implementation.
(D) The small percentage of recipient minority
enterprises that were able to repay federally
guaranteed loans made unde
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ar the program
(E) The small number of minority enterprises that
chose to participate in the program
4. Which of the following statements about the SBA
program can be inferred from the passage?
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient
businesses was 15 years.
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to
recipient businesses than was management and
technical assistance.
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses
was significantly lower than the rate that actually
resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to
areas more favorable for business development.
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were
assessed and then provided for adequately.
5. Based on information in the passage, which of the
following would be indicative of the pragmatism of
MESBIC staff members?
Ⅰ.A reluctance to invest in minority businesses
that show marginal expectations of return on
the investments
Ⅱ. A desire to invest in minority businesses that
produce goods and services likely to be of use to the
sponsoring company
Ⅲ. A belief that the minority business sector is best
served by investing primarily in newly established
businesses
(A)Ⅰonly
(B) Ⅲ only
(C)Ⅰand Ⅱ only
(D)Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(E)Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ
6. The author refers to the “financial and operating
problems”(line 38 ) encountered by MESBIC’s
primarily in order to
(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the
legal considerations of funding MESBIC’S through
sponsoring companies
(B) call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must
receive adequate funding in order to function
effectively
(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing to
invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored
venture capital in the original MESBIC’s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum
funding
(E) refute suggestions that MESBIC’s have been only
marginally su
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ccessful
7. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to
(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority
businesses have been ineffective
(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority
businesses have changed since the 1960’s
(C) establish a direct link between the federal efforts
to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s
and those made in the 1980’s
(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific
experience is more useful to minority businesses
than is general management experience
(E) argue that the “social responsibility approach” to
aiding minority businesses is superior to any
other approach
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of
some MESBIC staff members toward the investments
preferred by some MESBIC directors can best be
described as
(A) defensive
(B) resigned
(C) indifferent
(D) shocked
(E) disapproving
9. The passage provides information that would answer
which of the following questions?
(A) What was the average annual amount, in dollars, of
minority business receipts before the SBA strategy
was implemented?
(B) What locations are considered to be unfavorable for
minority businesses?
(C) What is the current success rate for minority
businesses that are capitalized by MESBIC’s?
(D) How has the use of federal funding for minority
businesses changed since the 1960’s?
(E) How do minority businesses apply to participate in
a MESBIC program?
Passage 13
The majority of successful senior managers do not
closely follow the classical rational model of first clari-
fying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options,
estimating
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a likelihoods of success, making a decision,
(5) and only then taking action to implement the decision.
Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these
senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intu-
ition” to mangage a network of interrelated problems
that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,
(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the
process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recog-
nized that some practicing managers rely heavily on
intuition. In general, however, such writers display a
(15)poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the oppo-
site of rationality: others view it as an excuse for ca-
priciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes
of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is
(20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition
in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense
when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intu-
ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.
This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
(25)on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-
ence that build skills. A third function of intuition is to
synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an inte-
grated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results
(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are
familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for
reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions
suggested by these methods which run counter to their
(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers
can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move
rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this
way, intuition is an
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a, almost instantaneous cognitive
process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
(40)One of the implications of the intuitive style of execu-
tive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often “know” what is right
before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently
act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied
(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers
develop thoughts about their companies and organiza-
tions not by analyzing a problematic situation and then
acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-
(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often insti-
gate a course of action simply to learn more
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