aANALYSIS OF AN ARGUMENT
Time—30 minutes
Directions: In this section, you will be asked to write a critique of the argument presented below. Note that you are not being asked to present your own views on the subject. Instead, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking, what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion, or what sort of evidence could help strengthen or refute the argument.
Read the argument and the instructions that follow it, and then make any notes in your test booklet that will help you plan your response. Begin writing your response on the separate answer document. Make sure that you use the answer document that goes with this writing task.
The following appeared in a magazine article on trends and lifestyles.
"In gencral, people are not as conccmed as they were a decade ago about regulating their intake of red meat and fatty cheeses. Walk into the Hcart s Dclight, a store that started sclling organic fruits and vegctables and wholegrain flours in the 1960 s, and you will also find a wide selcction of checses made with high butterfat content. Next door, the owners of the Good Earth Cafe, an old vegctarian restaurant, are still making a modest living, but the owners of the new House of Beef across the strect are millionaires."
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of cvidence in the argument. You can also discuss what, if anything, would make the argument more sound and persuasive or would help you better evaluate its conelusion.
ANALYSIS OF AN ISSUE
Time—30 minutes
Directions: In this section, you will need to analyze the issue presented below and explain your views on it. The question has no "correct" answer. Instead, you should consider various perspetives as you develop your own position on the issue.
Read the statcment and the instructions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 athat follow it, and then make any notes in your test booklet that will help you plan your response. Begin writing your response on the separate answer document. Make sure that you use the answer document that goes ith this writing task.
"The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity". People everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, and regional differences are rapidly disappearing."
"homogencity: samencss, similarity"
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples based on your own experiences, your observations, or your reading.
SECTION 1
Time—25 minutes
16 Questions
Directions: In this section solve each problem, using any available space on the page for scratchwork. Then indicate the best of the answer choices given.
Numbers: All numbers used are real numbers.
Figures: Figures that accompany problems in this section are intended to provide information useful in solving the problems. They are drawn as accruately as possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific problem that its figure is not drawn to seale. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
1. If =1, which of the following must be true?
(A) a=0
(B) b=0
(C) a=1
(D) b=1
(E) a=b
y=kx+3
2. In the equation above, k is a constant, If y=17 when x=2, what is the value of y when x=4?
(A) 34
(B) 31
(C) 14
(D) 11
(E) 7
3. In 1989 the price of a new model S car was x dollars. If the price of the model S car increased each year by 10 percent of the previous year s price, what was the price of the car, in dollars, in 1991?
(A) 1.10x
(B) 1.20x
(C) 1.21x
(D) 1.25x
(E) 1.33x
4. If n is a prime number greater than 3, what is the remainder when n2 is divided by 12?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 a 2
(D) 3
(E) 5
5. NOT SCORED
6. If a subscription for 10 issues of a magazine costs $24.00 and represents a saving of 20 percent of the cover price, what is the cover price per issue?
(A) $1.98
(B) $2.40
(C) $2.80
(D) $2.86
(E) $3.00
7. Each edge of a cubical block of wood measures 2 inches. What is the surface area of the block in square inches?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D)16
(E) 24
CREATE YOUR OWN SUNDAE
12 Ice Cream Flavors
10 Kinds of Candies
8 Liquid Toppings
5 Kinds of Nuts
With or Without Whipped Cream
8. If a customer makes exactly one selectio
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n from each of the five actegories shown in the table above, what is the greatest possible number of different ice cream sundaes that a customer can create?
(A) 9.600
(B) 4.800
(C) 2.400
(D) 800
(E) 400
9. The average (arithmetic mean) of 4 positive integers is 50. If the average of 2 of these integers is 45, what is the greatest possible value that one of the other 2 integers can have?
(A) 55
(B) 65
(C) 100
(D) 109
(E) 115
10. Machine A working alone can complete a job in hours. Machine B working alone can do the same job in hours. How long will it take both machines working together at their respective constant rates to complete the job?
(A) 1 hr 10 min
(B) 2 hr
(C) 4 hr 5 min
(D) 7 hr
(E) 8 hr 10 min
11. What is the smallest positive integer n for which 324 is a factor of 6n?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(E) 6
Note: Figure not drawn to seale.
12. In the figure above, if AB|| CE, CE=DE, and y=45, then x=
(A) 45
(B) 60
(C) 67.5
(D) 112.5
(E) 135
13. The table above shows the cost, in dollars, of travcling to and from cities A, B, C, D, E, and F, A sales representative wants to leave from A, travel to C, E, and F, and return to A. If the first city
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 athat the sales represertative travels to must be E, what is the minimum possible cost for the entire trip?
(A) $13
(B) $14
(C) $16
(D) $18
(E) $20
14. A retailer sold an appliance for 30 percent above cost, which represented a gross profit of $21.00. For what price did the retalies sell the appliance?
(A) $27.30
(B) $51.00
(C) $63.00
(D) $70.00
(E) $91.00
15. How many integers between 324.700 and 458.600 have tens digit 1 and units digit 3?
(A) 10.300
(B) 10.030
(C) 1.353
(D) 1.352
(E) 1.339
16. A breakfast that consists of 1 counce of corn puffs and 8 cunces of fruit X provides 257 calories. When 8 conces of fruit Y is substituted for the 8 cunces of fruit X, the total number of calories is reduced to 185. If fruit X provides 1.8 times as many calories as fruit Y. how many calories does 8 counces of fruit Y alone provide?
(A) 11.25
(B) 72
(C) 90
(D) 95
(E)129.6
SECTION 3
Time—25 minutes
22 Questions
1. Clark and Florence Wallace, a husband-and-wife medical team, worked steadily and cfficiently through the night, but sipping their coffee the next morning, she noticed that he seemed disoriented.
(A) sipping their coffee the next morning, she noticed that he seemed disoriented.
(B) sipping their coffee the next morning, he seemed to be disoriented, she noticed
(C) as they sipped their ocffee the next morning, she noticed that he seemed disoriented
(D) as they were sipping their coffee the next morning, he seemed, she noticed, disoriented
(E) he seemed disoriented, she noticed, sipping their coffee the next morning
2. Very popular from 1900 until the 1920 s, the renewed interest in ceiling fans began when the energy crisis in 1974 forced homeowners to look for alternative methods of heating and cooling.
(A) Very popular from 1900 until the 1920 s, the rencewed interest in ceiling fans
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 a began
(B) The rencwed interest in ceiling fans, which were very popular from 1900 until the 1920 s began
(C) After they were very popular from 1900 until the 1920 s, the renewed interest in ceiling fans was beginning.
(D) Ceiling fans were very popular from 1900 until the 1920 s, with renewed interest beginning in them.
(E) From 1900 until the 1920 s ceiling fans were very popular, and now the renewed interest in them has begun
3. There is speculation that increasing cold weather was what may have been responsible for the Anasazi move from Mesa Verde to sites in other canyons.
(A) that increasing cold weather was what may have been
(B) whether increasing cold weather was what was
(C) that increasingly cold weather was what had been
(D) whether increasingly cold weather may have been what had been
(E) that increasingly cold weather may have been
4. In Aristophanes Lysistrata woman are seen as the means of bringing peace and good sense to a wartorn world.
(A) as
(B) as if they are
(C) that they will be
(D) that they are
(E) for being
5. Despite no proof that the consumption of any particular foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studiey indicate that refraining from eating ceratin foods could help reverse blockage of co
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ronary arteries, the blood vessels that feed the heart.
(A) Despite no proof that the consumption of any particular foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods could
(B) Despite no foods having been proved to reverse hardening of the arteries when consumed, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can
(C) Although the consumption of no particular foods have been proved to reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that to refrain from eating certain foods could
(D) Although not proved that the consumption of any foods reverse hardening of the arteries, studies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aindieate that refraining from eating certain foods can
(E) Although it has not been proved that the consumption of any particular food will reverse hardening of the arteries, studies indicate that refraining from eating certain foods can
6. Artificial intelligence emerged during the late 1950 s as an academic discipline based on the assumption that computers are able to be programmed to think like people.
(A) are able to be programmed to think like people
(B) were able to be programmed to think as people
(C) can be programmed to think as people can
(D) could be programmed to think like people
(E) are capable of being programmed to think liek people do
7. Although the coordination of monetary policy can help facilitate the orderly financing of existing imbalances, it is unlikely that its effect on their size is significant in the absence of an appropriate fiscal adjustment.
(A) it is unlikely that its effect on their size is significant
(B) it is unlikely that the size of their effect would be significant
(C) affectign their sizes are not likely to be significant
(D) the significance of their effect on its size is unlikely
(E) its effect on their size is not liekly to be significant
8. The proposed health care bill would increase government regulation of health insurance, establish standards that would guarantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers changing jobs who otherwise could be uncovered for months.
(A) establish standards that would guarantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers changing jobs who
(B) establish standards that would guarantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers who are changing jobs and
(C) to establish standards that would guarantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers who change jobs that
(D) for establishing standards that would guarantee wider acc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aess for people with past health problems and workers changing jobs who
(E) for the establishment of standards that would guarantee wider access for people with past health problems and workers who are chaning jobs that
9. Many writers of modern English have acquired careless habits that damage the clarity of their prose, but these habits can be broken if htey are willing to take the necessary trouble
(A) but these habits can be broken
(B) but these habits are breakable
(C) but they can break these habits
(D) which can be broken
(E) except that can be broken
10. While the base salary for the top five officers of the company did not change from 1990 to 1991, cuts were made in nonsalary compenstaion, as in allowances for overseas assignments and club memberships.
(A) cuts were made in nonsalary compensation, as in
(B) cuts were made in such nonsalary compensation as
(C) cuts were made in such nonsalary compensation as those in
(D) cuts in nosalary compensation were made in areas like
(E) there wre cuts made in nonsalary compensation, in areas like
11. It is an oversimaplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they food themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.
(A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to
(B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and
(C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and
(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselaves. corral them, and
(E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while they feed themselves, to corral them, and
12. Although dozens of New York s small museums are either devoted
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to local history or
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 avarjous ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.
(A) Although dozens of New York s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are
(B) Although dozens of New York s small museums are deveoted to local history or various ethnic groups.
(C) Dozens of New York s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, but there are
(D) Dozens of New York s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also
(E) Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York s small museums and also
13. Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept both men and women as students.
(A) at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept
(B) for the decision at its 1833 founding to accept
(C) when it was founded in 1833 for its decision to accept
(D) in deciding at its founding in 1833 to accept
(E) by deciding at its founding in 1833 on the acceptance of
14. Unlike a hurricane, which can be observed from within, a tornado is so small that such a study has not been practical.
(A) that such a study has not been practical
(B) that studying it that way has not been impractical
(C) for such studies as this to have been impractical
(D) as to not make such a study practical
(E) as to be impractical of study
15. After the Colonial period s 50 percent mortality rate lief expectancy improved for children, but as late as the nineteenth century about one child in three died before reaching the age of six.
(A) After the Colonial period s 50 percent mortality rat, life expectancy improved for children, but
(B) Even though children s life expectancy, which improved over the Colonial period s 50 percent mortality rate.
(C) Although life expectancy for children improv
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aed after the Colonial period, during which the mortality rate was 50 percent.
(D) While there was an improvement in life expectancy for children after the 50 percent mortality rate of the Colonial period, still
(E) Despite children s life expectancy improvement from the Colonial period s 50 percent mortality rate.
16. Just as a writer trying to understand shtetl life might read Shalom Aleichem or Isaac Bashevis Singer. in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records by the Mississippi Delta bluesman Charlie Patton.
(A) in the same way writers trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records
(B) in the same way writers who try and understand Black life in the American South might well listen to record
(C) so a writer trying to understand Black life in the American South might well listen to records
(D) so do writers try and understand Black life in the American South and might well listen to a record
(E) then writers trying to understand Black life in the American South could well listen to records
17.The pattern of whisker spots on the face of a male lion. like human fingerprints, are a lifelong means of identification, since they are both unique and unchanging.
(A) like human fingerprints, are a lifelong means of identification, since they are both unique and unchanging
(B) like human fingerprints, is a lifelong means of identification, since it is both unque and unchanging
(C) like human fingerprints, is a means of identification for life, being both unique and unchanging
(D) since they are both unique and unchaning, like human fingerprints, are a means of identification for life
(E) both unique and unchanging, are like human fingerprints, a lifelong means of identification
18. Eeven though the state has spent ten years and seven million dollars planning a reservoir along the Ubi Riv
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aer, the project will have to be abandoned as a result of the river becoming so heavily polluted.
(A) will have to be abandoned as a result of the river becoming so heavily polluted
(B) is to be abandoned on account of the heavy pollution which the river reccived
(C) had to be abandoned because the river had received such heavy pollution
(D) has to be abandoned because of the river and its heavy pollution
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(E) must be abandoned because the river has become so heavily polluted.
19. In spite of federal subsidizing of public transportation systems massively and major local efforts to persuade the public to use public transportation, mass transit has been steadily losing patronage to the private automobile for the past thirty years.
(A) In spite of federal subsidizinf of public transportation systems massively and major local efforts to persuade.
(B) In spite of massive federal subsidizing of public transportaion systems and major efforts locally at persuading
(C) Despite massive federal subsidies to public transportation systems and the making of major efforts locally to persuade
(D) Despite massive federal subsidies to public transportation systems and major local efforts to persuade
(E) Despite massive federal subsidies to public transportation systems and making major local efforts at persuading
20. Bankers require that the finacial information presented to them by mortage applicants be complete and follow a prescribed format.
(A) be complete and follow a prescribed format
(B) is complete and it follows a prescribed format
(C) be complete and a prescribed format is followed
(D) to be complete and a prescribed format be followed
(E) be complete, and it followed a prescribed format
21. In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste, compact dise manufactures are attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package their product
(B) the disposable plastic box where they
(C) a disposable plastic box in which to
(D) disposable plastic boxes inside which they
(E) the disposable plastic boxes in which to
22. In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countrysied, unlike hometeading policites in the American West that required residency on the land itself in order to obtain eventual ownership.
(A) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, unlike homesteading policies in the American West that
(B) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and from which they commuted to farmalands in the countryside, but in the American West homesteading policies
(C) Unlike feudal Europe where urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the ocuntryside, the American West s homesteading policies
(D) Unlike feudal Europe whee urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside the homesteading policies of the American West
(E) Urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived from which they commuted to farmlands in the countryside in feudal Europe, unlike the American West where homesteading policies
SECTION 4
Time—25 minutes
16 Questions
1. Of the people who responded to a market survey, 120 preserred Brand X and the rest preferred Brand Y. If the respondents indicated a preference for BVrand X over Brand Y by a ratio of 3 to 1. how many people responded ot the survey?
(A) 80
(B) 160
(C) 243
(D) 360
(E) 480
2. (x+3y)2=
(A) x2+3y2
(B) x2+9y2
(C) x2+3xy+3y2
(D) x2+3xy+9y2
(E) x2+6xy+9y2
3. At Co
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 ampany K, 15 percent of the employces are secretaries and 60 percent are salespeople. If there are 45 other employces of Company K, how many employces does Company K have?
(A) 160
(B) 180
(C) 190
(D) 200
(E) 400
5. If x and y are negative integers, which of the following must be true?
.x-y<0
.
.x2>y
(A) only
(B) only
(C) only
(D) and
(E) and
6. A certain hotel has 1,400 single rooms and 420 double rooms. Each room is cleaned by one person. If one person can clean a single room every 15 minutes and a double room every 20 minutes, how many clearing persons are needed to clean all the rooms if each person works for exactly 7 hours?
(A) 65
(B) 70
(C) 80
(D) 90
(E) 265
7. In the figure above, the two square regions have areas 16 and 25, respectively. What is the area of the shaded triangular region?
(A) 6
(B) 8
(C) 9
(D) 12
(E) 15
8. If the consumer price index for a sample of goods and services purchased in Dallas rose from 100 at the end of 1967
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to x at the end of 1985, what was the average (arithmetic mean) annual increase in the index over this period?
9. At a certain instant in time, the number of cars, N, traveling on a portion of a certain highway can be estimated by the formula
where L is number of lanes in the same direction, d is the length of the portion of the highway, in feet, and s is the average spced of the cars, in miles per hour. Based on the formula, what is the estimated number of cars traveling on a mile portion of the highway if the higheay has 2 lanes in the same direction and the average spced of the cars is 40 miles per hour? (5,280 feet=1 mile)
(A) 155
(B) 96
(C) 80
(D) 48
(E) 24
10. In how many different way can 3 people be assigned to fill 3 different positions so that each person is assigned to exactly one posit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aion?
(A) Twelve
(B) Nine
(C) Six
(D) Three
(E) One
11. A point on the edge of a fan blade that is rotating in a plane is 10 centimeters from the center of the fan. What is the distance traveled, in centimeters, by this point in 15 seconds when the fan runs at the rate of 300 revolutions per minute?
(A) 750
(B) 1,500
(C) 1,875
(D) 3,000
(E) 7,500
12. A 2-year certificate of deposit is purchased for k dollars. If the certificate earns interest at an annual rate of 6 percent compounded quarterly, which of the following represents the valur, in dollars, of the certificate at the end of the 2 years?
(A) (1.06)2k
(B) (1.06)2k
(C) (1.015)2k
(D) (1.015)2k
(E) (1.03)2k
13. If the sum of the first n positive integers is S. what is the sum of the first n positive even integers, in terms of S?
14. If x and y are positive numbers and z=xy2, a 50 percent increase in x and a 20 percent decrease in y would result in which of the following changes in z?
(A) A decrease of 4%
(B) A decrease of 14%
(C) An increase of 4%
(D) An increase of 20%
(E) An increase of 30%
15. If it is 6:27 in the evening on a certain day, what time in the morning was it exactly 2,880,717 minutes earlier? (Assume standard time in one location)
(A) 6:22
(B) 6:24
(C) 6:27
(D) 6:30
(E) 6:32
16. If n is an integer, which of the following CANNOT be a factor of 3n+4?
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 7
(E) 8
SECTION 5
Time—25 minutes
16 Questions
1. Since a rhinoceros that has no horn is worthless to poachers, the Wildlife Protection Committce plans to protect selected rhinoceroses from being killed by poachers by cutting off the rhinos horns.
The Wildlife Protection Committee s plan assumes that
(A) poachers do not kill rhinos that are worthless to them
(B) hornless rhions pose less of a thr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aeat to humans, including poachers, than do rhinos that have horns
(C) rhinos are the only animals poachers kill for their horns
(D) hornless rhinos can successfully defend their young against nonhuman predators
(E) imposing more stringent penalties on poachers will not decrease the number of rhinos killed by poachers
2. Crimes are mainly committed by the young, and for this reason merely increasing the nubmer of police officers or expenditures on police services has little effect on reducing the crime rate. In fact, the only factor associated with a crime-rate drop is a decrease in the number of people in the community aged fourteen to thirty.
The findings above can best serves as part of an argument against
(A) the likelihood that any law enforcement program will be effective in reducing the crime rate within a short time
(B) increasing prison terms for young people found guilty of crimes
(C) introducing compulsory military conscription for people aged seventeen to nineteen
(D) raising the age at which students are permitted to leave school
(E) a community s plan to increase the number of recreationa. and educational activities in which young adults can participate
3. A 20 percent decline in lobster catches in Maine waters since 1980 can be justifiably blamed on legislation passed in 1972 to protect harbor seals. Maine s population of harbor seals is now double the level existing before protection was initiated, and these seals are known to eat both fish and lobsters.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Harbor seals usually eat more fish than lobsters, but the seals are natural predators of both.
(B) Although harbor seals are skillf
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ul predators of lobsters, they rarely finish eating their catch.
(C) Harbor seals attract tourists to Maine s coastal areas, thus revitalizing the local economy.
(D) Authors of the 1972 legislation pr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aotecting harbor seals were convinced that an increase in that animal s numbers would not have a measurably negative impact on the lobster eatch.
(E) The record lobster harvests of the late 1970 s removed large numbers of mature lobsters from the reproductive stock.
4. Politician: Fewer people are cntering the labor market now than previously. If the economy grows, the demand for motivated and educated people will far outstrip the supply. Some companies have already started to respond to this labor-market situation by finding better ways to keep their current employees. Their concern is a sure indicator that the economy is growing.
Which of the following is the best criticism of the politician s reasoning?
(A) The fact that commpanies are making prudent preparations for a possible future development does not mean that this development is already taking place.
(B) The fact that some companies now try harder to keep their employces does not mean that they used to be indifferent to employee morale.
(C) The fact that demand will outstrip supply does not mean that there will be no supply at all.
(D) The fact that the number of new entrants into the labor market is decling does not mean that the number of new entrants is lower than it has ever been.
(E) The fact that current employees have become more valuable to some companies does not mean that those employees will do their jobs better than they used to.
5. Under current federal law. employers are allowed to offer their employees free parking dpaces as a tax-free benefit, but they can offer employees only up to $180 yer year as a tax-free benefit for using mass transit. The government could significantly increase mass transit ridership by raising the limit of this benefit to meet commuters transportation costs.
The proposal above to increase mass transit ridership assumes that
(A) current mass transit systems are subject to unexpected route cl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aosings and delays
(B) using mass transit creates less air polltion per person than using a private automobile
(C) the parking spaces offered by employers as taxfree benefits can be worth as much as $2,500 per year
(D) many employees are deterred by financial considerations from using mass transit to commute to their places of employment
(E) because of traffic congestion on major commuter routes, it is often faster to travel to one s place of employment by means of mass transit than by private automobile
6. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
"Government" does exist as an independent entity defining policy. Instead there exists a group of democratically elected pragmatists sensitive to the electorate, who establish policies that will result in their own reclection. Therefore, if public policy is hostile to, day environmental concerns, it is not because of govern-mental perversity but because elected officials believe that_____.
(A) environmentalists would be extremely difficult to satisfy with any policy, however environmentally sound
(B) environmental concerns are being accommodated as well as public funds permit
(C) the public is overly anxious about environmeatal deterioration
(D) the majority of voters vote for certain politicians because of those politicians idiosyncratic positions on policy issues
(E) the majority of voters do not strongly wish for a different policy
7. Fresh potatoes generally cost about $2 for a 10-pound bag, whereas dehydrated instant potatoes cost, on average, about $3 per pound. It can be concluded that some consumers will pay 15 times as much for convenience, since sales of this convenience food continue to rise.
Which of the following if true, indicates that there is a major flaw in the argument above?
(A) Fresh potatoes bought in convenient 2-pound bags are about $1 a bag, or 2 1/2 times more expensive than fresh potatoes bought in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 a 10-pound bags.
(B) Since fresh potatoes are 80 percent water, one pound of dehydrated potatoes is the equivalent of 5 pounds of fresh potatoes.
(C) Peeled potatoes in cans are also more expensive than the less convenient fresh potatoes.
(D) Retail prices of dehydrat
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ed potatoes have declined by 20 percent since 1960 to the current level of about $3 a pound
(E) As a consequence of labor and processing costs all convenience foods cost more than the basic foods from which they are derived.
8. Consumers in Califormia seeking personal loans have fewer banks to turn to than do consumers elsewhere in the United States. This shortage of competition among banks explains why interest rates on personal loans in California are higher than in any other region of the United States.
Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the conclusion above?
(A) Because of the comparatively high wages they must pay to attract qualified workers, Califormain banks charge depositors more than banks clsewhere do for many of the services they offer
(B) Personal loans are riskier than other types of loans, such as home mortgage loans, that banks make.
(C) Since bank deposits in California are covered by the same type of insurance that guarantces bank deposits in other parts of the United States. they are no less secure than deposits elsewhere.
(D) The proportion of consumers who default on their personal loans is lower in California than in any other region of the United States.
(E) Interest rates paid by California banks to depositors are lower than those paid by banks in other parts of the United States because in California there is less competition to attract depositors.
9. Technically a given category of insurance policy is underpriced if over time, claims against it plus expenses associated with it exceed total income from premiums. But premium income can be invested and will then yield returns of its
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 a own. Therefore, an underpriced policy does not represent a net loss in every case.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) No insurance policies are deliberately underpriccd in order to attract customers to the insurance company offering such policies
(B) A policy that represents a net loss to the insurance company is not an underpriced policy in every case.
(C) There are policies for which the level of claims per year can be preicted with great accuracy before premiums are set.
(D) The income carned by investing premium income is the most important determinant of an insurance company s profits.
(E) The claims against at least some underpriced policies do not require paying out all of the premium income from those policies as soon as it is earned.
10. Purcbred cows native to Mongolia produce, on average, 400 liters of milk per year, if Mongolian cattle are crossbred with European breeds, the crossbred cows can produce, on avergge, 2,700 liters per year. An international agency plans to increase the profitability of Mongolia s dairy sector by encouraging widespread crossbreeding of native Mongolian cattle with European brceds.
Which of the following if true, casts the most serious doubt on the viability of the agency s plan?
(A) Not all European breeds of cattle can be successfully bred with native Mongolian cattle.
(B) Many young Mongolians now regard cattle raising as a low-status occupation because it is less lucrative than other endeavors open to them.
(C) Mongolia s terrain is suitable for grazing native herds but not for growing the fodder needed to keep crossbred animals healthy.
(D) Cowhide and leather products. not milk, make up the bulk of Mongolia s animal product exports to Europe.
(E) Many European breeds of cattle attain average mild production levels exceeding 2,700 liters.
11. Any combinatin of overwork and stress inevitably leads to i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 ansomnia. Managers at HiCorp, Inc, all suffer from stress. A majority of the managers—despite their doctors warnings—work well over 60 hours per week, whereas the other managers work no more than the normal 40 hours per week. HiCorp gives regular bonuses only to employees who work more than 40 hours per week.
Which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the statements above?
(A) Managers at HiCorp work under conditions that are more stessful than the conditions under which managers at must other companies work.
(B) Most of the cmployee bonuses given by HiCorp are given to managers.
(C) At HiCorp insomnia is more widespread among managers than among any other group of cmployees.
(D) No manager at HiCorp who works only 40 hours per week suffers from overwork.
(E) Most of the managers at HiCorp who receive regular bonuses have insomnia.
12. Holiday reccipts—the total sal
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es recorded in the fourth quarter of the year—determine the cconomic success or failure of many retail businesses. Camcom a retailer selling just one camera model, is an excellent example, Camco s holiday receipts, on average, account for a third of its yearly total receipts and about half of its yearly profits.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about Camco on the basis of them?
(A) Its fixed expenses per camera sold are higher during the fourth quarter than for any of the other three quartcrs.
(B) It makes more profit during the first and third quarters combined than during the fourth quartes.
(C) Its per-camera retail price is lower, on average, during the fourth quarter than during any one of the first three quarters.
(D) It makers less profit, on average, for a given dollar amount of sales during the first three quarters combined than during the fourth quarter.
(E) The per-camera price it pays to wholesalers is higher, on average, during the fourth quarter than dur
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aing any of the other three quarters.
13. Canadians now increasingly engage in "out-shopping." which is shopping across the natinal border, where prices are lower. Prices are lower outside of Canada in large part because the goods-services tax that pays for Canadian social services is not applied.
Which one of the following is best supported on the basis of the information above?
(A) If the upward trend in out-shopping continues at a significant level and the amounts paid by the government for Canadian social services are maintained, the Canadian goods-and-services tax will be assessed at a higher rate.
(B) If Canada imposes a substantial tariff on the goods bought across the border, a reciprocal tariff on cross-border shopping in the other direction will be imposed, thereby harming Canadian businesses.
(C) The amounts the Canadian government pays out to those who provide social services to Canadians are increasing.
(D) The same brands of goods are available to Canadian shoppers across the border as are available in Canada.
(E) Out-shopping purchases are subject to Canadian taxes when the purchaser crosses the border to bring them into Canada.
14. Surveys indicate that 52 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are in the labor force (employed outside the home) in any given month on the basis of these surveys, a market researcher concluded that 48 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are full-time homemakers year-round.
Which of the following, if true, would most scriously weaken the researcher s conclusion?
(A) More women are in the labor force today than during any other period since the Second World War.
(B) Many workers, both men and women, enter and exit the labor force, frequently.
(C) Although only a small sample of the total population is surveyed each month, these samples have been found to be a reliable indicator of total monthly employment.
(D) Surve
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 ays show that more women than ever before consider having a rewarding job an important priority.
(E) Women who are in the labor force have more discretionary income available to them than do women who are not.
15. Left-handed persons suffer more frequently than do right-handed persons from certain immune disorders, such as allergies. Left-handers tend to have an advantage over the right-handed majority, however, on tasks controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, and mathematical reasoning is strongly under the influence of the right hemisphere in most people.
If the information above is true, it best supports which of the following hypotheses?
(A) Most people who suffer from allergies or other such immune disorders are left-handed rather than right-handed.
(B) Most left-handed mathematicians suffer from some kind of allergy.
(C) There are proportionally more left-handers among people whose ability to reason mathematically is above average than there are among people with poor mathematical reasoning ability.
(D) If a left-handed person suffers from an allergy, that person will probably be good at mathematies.
(E) There are proportionally more people who suffer from immune disorders such as allergies than there are people who are left-handed or people whose mathematical reasoning ability is unusually good.
16. After observing the Earth s weather patterns and the 11-year sunspot cycle of the Sun for 36 years, scien-tists have found that high levels of sunspot activity preccde shifts in wind patterns that affect t
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he Earth s weather. One can conclude that meteorologists will be able to improve their weather forcasts based on this information.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Weather forcasts are more detailed today than they were 36 years ago.
(B) Scientists can establish that sunspot activity directly affects the Earth s weather.
(C) Evid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aence other than sunspot activity has previously enabled meteorologists to forecast the weather conditions that are predictable on the basis of sunspot activity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 andard Time
(D) Scientists have not determined why the sunspot activity on the Sun follows an 11-year cycle.
(E) It has been established that predictable wind patterns yield predictable weather paterns.
SECTION 6
Time—25 minutes
20 Questions
1. How many numbers do the sets S and T have in common?
(1) S is a set of 10 numbers.
(2) T is a set of 100 numbers.
2. In the figure above, if line l1 is parallel to line l2, what is the value of x?
(1) y=50
(2) z=130
3. NOT SCORED
4. If Pat saved $600 of his carnings last month, how much did Pat carn last month?
(1) Pat spent of his carnings last month for living expenses and saved of the remainder.
(2) Of his carnings last month. Pat paid twice as much in taxes as he saved.
5. The purchase price of Beth s new car, including the sales tax, is $8,000. If she finances the car, making a down payment of $2,000 and paying off the rest in cqual monthly installments, what will be the total cost of the car, including the sales tax and financing?
(1) The installments are to be $200 per month
(2) The installments will extend over a period of exactly 3 years.
6. If ?
(1) x is 50 percent of y.
(2) 0.1x= 0.05y
7. If n is an interger, is n even?
(1) n2-1 is an odd integer.
(2) 3n+4 is an even integer.
8. If x, y, p and q are positive, is xy?
(1)
(2) xy=p
9. If p1 and pp2 are the populations and rp1 and rp2 are the numbers of representatives of District 1 and District 2, respectively, the ratio of the population to the number of representatives is greater for which of the two districts?
(1) p1>p2
(2) r2>r1
10. What digit does t represent in the decimal 0.t73?
(1) t<5
11. On the number line above, p, q,m r, s, and t are five consecutive even integers in increasing order. What is the average (arithmetic mean) of these five integers?
(1) q+s=24
(2) The average (arithmetic mean) of q and r is 11.
12. What is the length in meters of a ccrtain rectangular garden?
(1) The length of the garden is 6 meters more than twice the width
(2) The length of the graden is 4 times the width
13. If x
(1) y>0
(2)x>0
14. If Fran jumps straight up off the floor and lands on her feet T seconds later, her feet will reach a maximum height of 1.227T2 meters above the floor. On one such jump, was Fran off the floor for less than 1 second?
(1) On her jump Fran s feet reached a maximum height of 1 meter above the floor.
(2) On her jump Fran spent more than second ascending.
15. If (x) denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is |x|=0?
(1) 5x+1=3+2x
(2) 0
16. During a 6-day local trade show, the least number of people registered in a single day was 80. Was the average (arithmetic mean) number of people registered per day for the 6 days greater than 90?
(1) For the 4 days with the greatest number of people registered, the average (arithmetic mean) number registered per day was 100.
(2) For the 3 days with the smallest number of people registered, the average (arithmetic mean) number registered per day was 85.
17. If a and b are positive integers, what is the avlue of a+b?
(1)
(2) The greatest common divisor of a and b is 1.
18. Are all of the numbers in a certain list of 15 numbers equal?
(1) The sum of all of the numbers in the list is 60.
(2) The sum of any 3 numbers in the list is 12.
DAILY TRAIN SCHEDULE
Train Scheduled
Departure
Station S Scheduled
Arrival
Station T
X 7:08 (EST) 8:10 (EST)
Eastern Sta
19. The table above shows the
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morning schedule for train X. If Juan took train X on Monday morning, did he arrive at station T on schedule?
(1) Juan arrived at station T on Monday morning 1 hour and 2 minutes after he left station S.
(2) Juan arrived at his office at 8:30 (EST) on Monday morning, which was 20 minutes after he arrived at station T.
20. If n and k are positive integers, is ?
(1) k>3n
(2) n+k>3n
SECTION 7
Time—25 minutes
18 Questions
Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered
Line offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
(5) guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm s fees are high, the
(10) negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.
However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure
(15) is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm s ability to deliver the promised level of service. It may confilct with a firm s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care
(20) services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputaions and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm
(25) that implements an uncond
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 aitional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
1. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
(B) evaluate the utility of a practice
(C) demonstrate how to institute a pracice
(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy
2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT:
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long standing.
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business through client recommendations.
(C) The firm charges substantial fces for its services.
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are significant for the client.
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.
3. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
(A) A limit on the firm sliability
(B) Successful competition against other firms
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm s service
4. The passage s description of the issue raised by unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies that which of the following is true?
(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure cannot necessairly be dctermined in advance by the professionals hadling a client s case.
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined by any attempts at marketing of professional services, includin, g u
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 a, nconditional guarantces.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by financial sellements alone.
(E) Predicting the monctary cost of legal or health care services is more difficult than prodicting the monetary cost of other types of prfessional services.
5. Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplieies the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(A) Aphysician s unconditional guarantec of satisfaction encourages patients to sure for malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment they receive.
(B) A lawyer s unconditional guarant
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