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一、 主语＋过去完成时

　　＋①when引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)

　　＋②by短语

　　＋③by the time引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)

　　＋④before引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) 例如：

　　1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.

　　A. left； had arrived B. left； arrived

　　C. had left； had arrived D. had left； arrived

　　解析： 正确答案为D。guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。

　　2. We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year.

　　A. had learned B. have learned

　　C. learned D. will have learned

　　解析： 根据by短语中的last year得知是到去年年末，正确选项为A。

　　3. He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten. 到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。

　　4. He had studied English for five years before he came here. 来这儿之前，他已经学过五年英语了。

　　二、 1. 主语＋had＋hardly(scarcely)＋过去分词＋when(before)＋主语＋一般过去时。

　　2.主语＋had＋no sooner＋过去分词＋than＋主语＋一般过去时。例如：

　　①They had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 他们一到家，天就下起雨来。

　　②______ got into the room，______ the telephone rang. 他一到家，电话就响了。

　　A. He hardly had；then B. Hardly had he；when

　　C. He had not；that D. Not had he；when

　　解析： 正确答案为B。当否定词hardly，scarcely，no sooner放在句首时，主谓要倒装。

　　三、 根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例如：

　　1. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk，right under my nose. 那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。

　　A. think； lost B. thought； had lost

　　C. think； had lost D. thought； have lost

　　解析： 正确答案为B。“丢笔”是在“认为”之前发生的动作。

　　2. Helen ______ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ______home. 海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。

　　A. has left； comes B. left； had come

　　C. had left； came D. had left； would come

　　解析： 正确答案为C。had to wait说明事情发生在过去，而“忘带钥匙”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。

　　四、 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图，用过去完成时。常用动词有：hope，think，expect，intend，mean，suppose，want等。 例如：

　　They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time. 他们本来是要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到。

　　五、 It was＋时间＋since＋主语＋过去完成时。例如：

　　They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a good drink. 他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少十年没有好好喝过了。

　　A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying

　　正确答案为A。