欢迎访问志愿传奇

距离2026年高考319

人生的路,靠自己一步步走去,真正能保护你的,是你自己的选择。

您所在的位置: 新考网(原中国大学在线)>>语法点滴 > 正文内容

代 词(I)

作者:  时间: 2017-10-19


 

代词是代替名词的词。多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。

一、 代词的种类
代词有以下九种:

人称代词 I, we, you, he, it, them
物主代词 my, your, his,their,mine
反身代词 myself, itself,themselves
相互代词 one another, each other
指示代词 this, that, these, those
疑问代词 who, whom, whose,which,what
连接代词 who, whom, whose,which,what
关系代词 who, whom, whose,which,that
不定代词 all,some,any,much,enough

(一)人称代词
1.人称代词的形式
格 主 格 宾 格
数 单 数 复 数 单 数 复 数
第一人称 I we me us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 hesheit them himherit them
2.人称代词的用法

A.主格形式在句中作主语。
I go to school at 7:50 every morning.
每天早晨我七点五十分去上学。
He finished the task on time.
他准时完成了任务。
B.宾格形式在句中作宾语或表语。
I met her on my way home.
我在回家的路上遇见了他。(宾语)
The students prepared a large party for them.(宾语)
学生们为他们准备了一个盛大的聚会。
If I were you, I would go with him.(表语、宾语)
如果我是你,我就和他一起去了。
--"Who's that? --"It's me."(表语)
--"是谁?" --"是我。"
C. we,you用来泛指一般人;they泛指某些人,一些不很清楚的人。
We(You) can't make progress without good study habits.
没有好的学习习惯,就不能取得进步。
They don't allow you to smoke here.
(他们)不允许在此吸烟。(不清楚他们指谁,并且泛指一般人不能在这里吸烟)
D.she用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。
China will never draw back what she has promised.
中国决不会收回已作出的许诺。
The moon today is very bright,isn't she?
今天的月亮很明亮,不是吗?
E.she,he可以用来指根据自然性别而划分的雌、雄性动物,特别是人类的宠物;而it用来指很小的婴儿。
Nancy is your good friend,isn't she?
南希(狗名)是你的好朋友,对吗?
My wife had a baby girl last week.It Is no larger than a cat.
我妻子上周生了个女孩,她还没有一只猫大。
F.由专有名词或人称代词构成的并列主语中,I 总是放在最后。
Mary,Linda and I went to the cinema last night.
玛丽,琳达和我昨天晚上去看电影了。
She and I take care of those children.
她和我照顾这些孩子。

(二)物主代词
表示事物的所属关系的代词称为物主代词。
1.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两类。其形式如下:
人  称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
数 单 数 复 数 单 数 复 数 单 数 复 数
形容词性 my our your your his, her, its their
名词性 mine ours yours yours his, hers, its theirs
2.物主代词的用法

A.形容词性物主代词只能作定语。
my pencil 我的铅笔 his mother 他的母亲 your teacher 你的老师
B.名词性物主代词可用作主语、表语和宾语。
Our classroom is on the fifth floor and theirs is on the ground floor.(作主语)
我们的教室在六层,他们的(教室)在一层。
This book is mine.(作表语)
这本书是我的(书)。
You may use my book and I'll use hers.(作宾语)
你可以用我的书,我用她的。
C.名词性物主代词与of连用作定语。
Mary is a friend of mine.
玛丽是我的一个朋友。
The advice of yours is correct.
你的意见是正确的。
This is no fault of yours.
这不是你的错。

(三)反身代词
1. 表示自反意义(事物本身)或相互意义的代词称为反身代词。其形式如下:

人  称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单  数 myself yourself himself, herself,itself
复  数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2.反身代词的用法

A.作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。
He called himself a writer.
他自称是作家。
Would you please express yourself in English?
你能不能用英语来表达你的意思?
Take good care of yourself.好好照顾你自己。
B.作表语。
It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.
没关系,我很快就会好的。
The girl in the news is myself.
新闻中的那个女孩就是我自己。
C.作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。
I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself)
我自己洗了衣服。(作主语同位语)
You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语)
你应该问老师本人。
He proposed that he teach us himself.(作主语同位语)
他提议亲自教我们。
D.介词+反身代词
I stayed home by myself(=alone).我独自呆在家里。
She was talking to herself.她在自言自语。

(四)相互代词
表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词。
1. 其形式有通格(包括主格和宾格)和所有格
   通 格: each other,one another
   所有格: each other's,one another's

2.相互代词的用法

A.通格形式常作宾语
We should help each other(one another).
我们应该互相帮助。
The children looked after each other(one another) when their parents were away from home.
父母不在家时,孩子们相互照顾。
B.所有格形式作定语。
They are interested in each other's(one another's) work.
他们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
They know each other's(one another's) weak points.
他们了解彼此的缺点。

(五)指示代词
表示限定指示概念的代词称为指示代词。
1. 指示代词有this,that,these,those。

2. 指示代词在句中的作用
A.作主语
This is what I want.
这就是我想要的。
That's your book you need.
那是你需要的书。
Those who haven't finished the homework,please raise your hand.
那些没完成作业的人请举手。
B.作宾语
We should always keep this(these)In mind.
我们应该时刻记住这一(几)点。
Do that in another way.用另外一种方式做这件事。
C.作表语
My attitude is this.我的态度是这样的。
All I want is this.我想要的就是这个。
D.作定语
I have to finish this task in three days.
我必须在三天内完成这个任务。
Have you got those points? 你们明白了那些要点吗?
3. 指示代词的特殊用法
A.that和those在文中被用来指代前面提到过的事物,以避免重复;this和these指代下面要提到的事物。
We have reached an agreement,which is quite different from that of theirs.
我们达成了一个与他们的截然不同的协议。
She has fallen ill since the day before yesterday.That's why she is absent today.
从前天起她就病倒了,那就是她今天没来的原因。
This skirt is more beautiful than that I bought yesterday.
这件裙子比我昨天买的那件漂亮。
This is really a long story……
这是个很长的故事……
B.this和these指时间或空间上距说话人较近的人或事物; that和those指较远的人或事物。
I'd like you to meet my friends.This is Mary and that is Linda.
我想让你见见我的朋友。这位是玛丽,那位是琳达。
He can remember the tears on her cheeks at that moment.
他能够记起那时她脸上的泪水。
We lived a hard life in those days.
那时,我们生活得很艰难。
C. this和that可以用来表示程度。
Your salary couldn't be that high.
你的薪水不可能那么高。
I can give you only this much.
我只能给你这么多。
The question isn't that difficult.You can answer it.
这个问题不是那么难,你能回答。
注:such也可以用作指示代词,表示"这样(的)",在句中可以作主语、表语和定语。
Such is my response.(作主语)
这就是我的回答。
Our future would be such.(作表语)
我们的将来是这样的。
I don't like such climate.(作定语)
我不喜欢这样的气候。
(六)疑问代词
用来构成特殊疑问句的代词称为疑问代词。
1. 疑问代词包括whom,who, whose, what和 which。其中 who一般作主语和表语,whom只能作宾语。

2. 疑问代词的用法
A.作主语
Who did that? 谁干的?
Whose is the best? 谁的最好?
What happened next? 后来发生了什么?
Which is hers? 哪个是她的?
B.作表语
Who are you? 你是谁?
Whose is it? 这是谁的?
What's your mother? 你母亲是干什么的?
What are you? 你是干什么的?
C.作宾语
Whom are you looking for? 你在找谁?
Whose are you going to use? 你要用谁的?
What do you mean? 你是什么意思?
Which do you need? 你需要哪一个?
D.作定语
Whose book is this? 这是谁的书?
What time is it? 现在几点了?
Which bus goes to the railway station? 哪路车去火车站?

(七)连接代词
用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的代词称为连接代词。其用法如下:
1. 引导主语从句
What he said is not true.
他所说的不是真的。
It has not been decided who will look after the children.
还没有决定谁来照顾这些孩子。
2. 引导表语从句
This is what we have done recently.
这就是我们最近所做的一切。
3. 引导宾语从句
It is difficult to tell which is better.
很难说清楚哪个更好。
注:此处的whom,which,what还可同ever一起构成合成连接代词,在从句中作主语或宾语,意为"一切","任何……"。
Whatever he said would not make her happy.
不论他说什么,都不能使她高兴。
The boy is ready to do whatever his mother tells him.
这个孩子愿意做他母亲要他做的任何事。
Give the note to whomever you meet in the office.
把条子交给你在办公室里碰到的任何人。
Whichever book you like will be your own.
不管你喜欢哪本书,(它)都将成为你的。

(八)不定代词
指代不确定的对象,起形容词或名词作用的词称为不定代词。

不定代词主要有all,some,any,enough,none(指代不可数或可数名词的复数);much,more,most,(a)little,less,(the)least(指代不可数名词); one,each,either,neither,every,some,any,no及它们与thing,other,body,another或one构成的合成不定代词(指代单数可数名词);both,several,a few,many(指代复数可数名词)等。这里的大多数不定代词都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语(作定语时被称为形容词)。但是,代词none和含有some,any,no,every的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语。 1. all和both的用法
all表示"全都……",both表示"二者都……"
A.all指人时,谓语动词用复数;指事件时,用单数。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All are welcome.
所有的人(全体)都受欢迎。
All is going on well.
一切进展顺利。
B.Both的谓语动词用复数,在句中可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。
Both are accepted.
两人都被接纳了。
They were both waiting outside the gate.
他们两人都在大门外等着。
C.both和all作同位语时,应放于系动词或助动词之后,实义动词之前。
They are both(all)students.
他们俩(全)都是学生。
They are both(all)doing well.
他们俩(全)都做得很好。
They both(all)accepted the advice.
他们俩(全体)都接受这个意见。
D.both和all后面可直接跟名词,如果跟人称代词,则要使用介词of。
Both(All) answers are right.两个(所有)答案都正确。
Both(All) of us like music.我们两人(大家)都喜欢音乐。
2. either和neither的用法
either指两者中任意一个,或其中之一;neither指两者中无一个,用于构成与both相对应的完全否定。二者在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。谓语动词用单数,所修饰的名词也用单数,如果either和neither后接介词of,那么of后的名词要用复数。
Either/Neither is correct.
两个都对/不对。
Either/Neither of the answers is correct.
两个答案都对/不对。
You may use either bike.两辆车中,你可以随便用一辆。
试比较:
Either student studies hard.
这两个学生中有一个学生学习很用功。
Neither student studies hard.
这两个学生没有一个学习用功的。
Both the students study hard.
这两个学生学习都很用功。

3. other和another的用法
A. other指两者中的另一个时,前面常有the,表示特指一定范围中的另一个;复数为others(另一些)。
He has two daughters,one is a teacher,the other is a doctor.
他有两个女儿,一个是教师,另一个是医生。
Some are studying in the classroom,the others are playing basketball on the playground.
一些人在教室里学习,另一些人在操场上打篮球。(同一集体中两部分人的不同活动)
B. another表示同类事物中不确定的另一个、又一个,只能修饰单数可数名词,前面不能用冠词。
There's something wrong with this pen. Would you please show me another?
这枝钢笔有点毛病,请你再给我拿一枝好吗?
Give me another glass of beer,please.
请再给我一杯啤酒。
4. each和every的用法
A.each和every都表示"每个"。但each强调单个体,而every强调整体中的每个。each可以用作名词或形容词,而every只能用作形容词。
Each of us has prepared a present for her.
我们各自为她准备了一件礼物。
Everyone of us has prepared a present for her.
我们每个人都为她准备了一件礼物。
Give them two each.给他们每人两个。
B.every的含义有时与all很相近,其中的细微差别是every从一个整体中每一个个体出发,而all只强调整体,有时它们可以互换使用。

Not every man can do that work.
Not all men can do that work.
这两个句子都可以理解为:并不是什么人都能做这个工作。
注:这种互换使用并不是绝对的。当every与reason,possibility等词连用或在一些固定短语中时,不能换用all。
I have every reason to believe in her.
我有充分理由信任她。
every three days.每隔两天(每三天)
every now and then不时,偶尔
every other day每隔一天
C.every能与-body,-thing,-one一起构成合成不定代同。everyone,everybody只表本人,而 every one可以表示人,也可以表示物。当这些合成不定代词作主语时,谓语动词应该用单数形式。
Everybody/Everyone in my family likes music.
我家人人喜欢音乐。
Every one of the books is kept in good condition.
这些书中的每一本都保存完好。
Everything you need is out of question.
你需要的一切东西都没问题。
5. one的用法
A. one用作不定代词时,指代前面刚提到过的事物或人,似避免重复。其复数形式为ones。
Take down the book for me,the one with a red cover.
给我把那本书拿下来,那本红皮的。
--Do you need an English-English dictionary?
--No,thanks.I have one.
--你需要一本英释词典吗?
--不,谢谢,我有一本。
The books I need are the ones about American literature.
我需要的书是关于美国文学的(书)。

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]  下一页


>B. one还可以用来表示一类人或泛指意义上的人。
One can not make progress without good study habits.
没有好的学习习惯,一个人就不能取得进步。
One should always notice other's advantages.
人们应该总是注意到别人的优点。
One who has not finished his homework will stay behind after class.
没有完成作业的人下课后留下来。
6. some和any的用法
A.some和any是表示不定数量的代词,?quot;一些"。some及其构成的合成词常用于肯定句,而any及其构成的合成词常用于否定句、疑问句及条件句中,不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
There's some coffee in the bottle.这个瓶子里有一些咖啡。
If you meet any new words in reading,look them up in a dictionary.
如果你在阅读中遇到生词,用字典查出来。
--Is there any water left? --No,there isn't any.
--还有水吗?--不,没有了。
B.如果疑问句表示建议或反问时,要作some,而不是any。
Would you like some coffee?
你想要点咖啡吗?
Aren't there some stamps in that drawer?
那个抽屉里不是有些邮票吗?
Why didn't you buy some fruit?
你为什么不买些水果?
C.当some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示"某一个",any表示"任何一个","随便哪一个"。
Come any day you like.你哪天来都可以。
You can get the book in any bookstore.
你可以在任何一个书店买到这本书。
Your dream will come true some day.
有一天你的梦想会成真的。
She is living at some place in Nanjing.
她住在南京的某个地方。
D. some和 any可以和 one,body,thing一起构成合成不定代词,它们都表示单数概念"某人"、"某物",在句子中的用法同some,any单独使用时一样。但是,当有定语修饰something,anything,nothing时,定语要放在不定代词之后。
Is there anything wrong with the car?
这辆车出毛病了吗?
Nothing serious has happened.
没发生什么严重的事。
7. little,few,much和many的用法
A.这几个不定代词都表示数量。little和 much修饰或代替不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式; few和many修饰或代替可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Much money is needed in the project.
这个计划中需要许多钱。
Little is left.没剩下多少了。
Few words are best.话少最好。
Many hands make light work.人多好办事。
How many(much) do you want?你要多少?
B.little和 few表示否定含义,即"没有什么","没有几个";a little和a few表示肯定含义,"有一点","有几个"。而 quite a few表示"相当多"。
There is little time.没有时间了。
There is a little time.还有点时间。
I have a few friends besides you.
除你以外,我还有几个朋友。
I have few friends except you.
除你以外,我没有什么朋友了。
Quite a few students went there earlier.
相当多的学生很早就去了那里。
8. none和no的用法
A.none表示"没有人(物)",是与 all相对的反义词。 none指代可数名词时,谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数;而指代不可数名词时,只能用单数。
None of us is/are perfect.我们谁也不是完美的。
I like none of the books.这些书我都不喜欢。
They none of them have had that kind of experience.
他们谁也没有那样的经历。
--Is there any water? --No,there's none.
--还有水吗?--不,没有了。
B. no表示"没有",常用作定语构成否定句。
To make rapid progress is no easy matter.
要进步得快并不是件容易的事。
She is no dancer.她不擅长跳舞。
(比较:She is not a dancer.她不是个舞蹈家。)

实力测验
一、用适当的代词填空
l.I want to go with_______(he,his,him)very much.
2.Is this book_______(your,yours)?
3.I want to do it_______(myself,myselfs).
4.They enjoyed_______(theirself,themselves).
5.I want______(some,any)apples.I don't want______(some, any)bananas.
6.Each of them______(have, has) a colour pen.
7.______(Her,Hers) name is Mary.
8. My pen is red.______(His,Him)is blue.
9.He has______(few,a few, little, a little) friends. But he has______(few, a few,little, a little) good friends.
10.She has______(many,much) work to do.
二、选择正确答案
l.What's this? ______ a car.
A. Its B. It's C. This
2.This cup is______. ______ is on the table.
A.my, you B.me,yours C.mine, yours
3.There is______ egg on the floor.
A. a B. an C. none
4.Pass ______the salt, please.
A. me B. my C. mine
5.______seat is this? ______Tom's.
A. Who, Its B. What, It's C. Whose, It's
6.These rooms are yours. Those are______.
A.other's B.others' C.others's
7.Why don't you get ______to eat?
A.something B.anything C.everything
8.This notebook is______.
A.my brother's B.my brother's one C.my brother one
9.Do you have ______to read now?
A.something B.anything C.everything
10.It's a cat. ______ name is Bob.
A.Hers B.Its C.It's
一、 1. him 2. yours 3.myself 4. themselves 5. some' any 6.has 7.Her 8.His 9.a few,few 10.much
二、1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.B


I人称代词

  一、主格人称代词有I, we, you, he, she, they, it,主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词

  1) Archibald Motley's artistic talent [A] was apparent [B] by the time him [C] enrolled [D] in high school.

  2) Legends often contain an element [A] of fact, but [B] sometimes it is [C] totally [D] untrue.

  3) Unlike [A] road vehicles, Hovercrafts have no physical [B] contact with the surface over which [C] them [D] travel.

  二、宾格人称代词有me, us, you, him, her, them, it,宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词

  4) Let you and I [A] promise that we shall always [B] dare to do [C] what is [D] right.

  5) Most of we [A] know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton, but how many [B] are aware that [C] they also direct with their faces, hands [D] , and shoulders?

  三、例题解析

  1) C错。him是宾格,而此处却需要作主语的人称代词,故应将him改为主格he。

  2) C错。 改为they are。C处代替的是"Legends"而不是"an element"。

  3) D错。them也是宾格,应改用主格they,作定语从句中的主语,谓语为travel。

  4) A错。 改为me。

  5) A错。改为宾格us,因为前面是介词of,us作其宾语,故用宾格。
II物主代词

  一、表示人的物主代词用my, our, your, his, her和their,指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her),它们在句中作定语

  1) A scientist bases its [A] work on hypotheses that [B] have been checked [C] through careful [D] experimentation.

  2) Crude rubber is an [A] elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591, though it [B] composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as [C] with the way it is prepared [D] at the plantation.

  3) Manufacturers [A] of consumer goods [B] often change [C] the styles of them [D] products.

  二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It's theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don't like hers),与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。

  三、例题解析

  1) A错。 改为his。

  2) B错。 改为its。

  3) D错。 改为their。

III反身代词

  一、反身代词有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself。主语与宾语为同一人或物时,要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词),反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用

  1) All [A] the scouts(童子军) got theirselves [B] ready for the [C] long camping trip by spending their weekends living [D] in the open.

  2) Various [A] animals have shells that keep themselves [B] from growing beyond [C] a certain [D] size.

  3) Benjamin Banneker's aptitude [A] in mathematics [B] and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself [C] to predict the solar [D] eclipse of 1789.

  4) The president announced that he himself [A] would act upon [B] the evidence as presented [C] to himself [D] by the congressional committee.

  5) Garrett [A] Morgan died in Cleveland, Ohio, the city that [A] had awarded himself [B] a gold medal for his devotion [C] to public [D] safety.

  6) Plants rid them [A] of excess water through [B] transpiration, the evaporation of extra [C] moisture from their [D] leaves.

  7) When Jonathan went [A] to Spain with his [B] sister, he bought a [C] leather coat for her and another for him [D] .

  二、例题解析

  1) B错。 改为themselves。

  2) B错。B处明显指代animals,而它前面的主语that却指代shells,也就是说"that"和"themselves"指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物,故不能用反身代词,应改为宾格them。

  3) C错。本句的主语为aptitude,而非Benjamin Banneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语),而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名"Benjamin Banneker",由于主语与宾语并非指同一人,故不能用反身代词,应改用宾格him。

  4) D错。 改为to him。动词"presented"的(逻辑)主语是"evidence",而不是A处的"he,"所以D"himself"处与C处"presented"的主语"evidence"不一致,所以不能用反身代词。

  5) B错。 改为him。同上。

  6) A错。此处的them指主语plants,rid是及物动词,由于主语与宾语指同一物,故应使用反身代词themselves。

  7) D错。 改为for himself。

IV不定代词

  一、"every"(每一个)只作为定语使用,即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语,它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。 everyone相当于名词,它不可修饰其他名词,只作主语或宾语

  1) Every [A] knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated, but how many [B] realize that they were once [C] homes for the indigent and the friendless [D] ?

  2) Everyone [A] child in the United States must [B] receive [C] some form of educational instruction [D] .

  二、"much"和"many"分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词,可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用

  3) Food seasoning plays an important [A] role in the cooking [B] customs of much [C] cultures in [D] the world.

  4) The general sales tax has been [A] a major source of income for state governments, much [B] of which derive more than half [C] of their budgets from [D] it.

  5) Data received from [A] two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence [B] that huge thunderstorms are now occurring [C] around the equator [D] of the planet Saturn.

  三、 "some"和"any"是表示不定数量的代词,相当于汉语的"一些",作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句,而any(包括它的合成词anything, anyone, anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中,其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的"任何";形容词修饰something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody时,形容词要放在这些词的后边

  6) Historians [A] have never reached some general [B] agreement about [C] the precise causes of the [D] Civil War in the United States.

  四、"another"和"other"分别表示"另外的一个"(an+other)和"另外的""其余的"意思,可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语,其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词,后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词,二者不能相互混淆

  7) Lizards lack [A] the builtin body temperature control [B] many another [C] creatures possess [D] .

  8) Some bacterium are extremely [A] harmful, but anothers [B] are regularly [C] used in producing cheeses, crackers, and many other foods [D] .

  9) Like [A] most another [B] art forms, the greek tragedy had [C] its origins in religious [D] observances.

  五、one与other "one"作为代词代替前面提到的人或物,它前边加the; "other"作代词修饰复数名词。 "one…another"表示"一个…另一个"的意思,或表示多个(三者以上)之中的"另一个","又一个"; "one…the other"表示两者之中剩下的"另一个,又一个"

  10) I'd like to [A] buy a coat similar [B] to one [C] you are wearing [D] .

  11) Though [A] Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight [B] vision in another [C] , he became [D] an inte

上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]  下一页


rnationally renowned jazz musician.

  六、 "few"和"little"两者分别为"many"和"much"的反义词,表示"少,很少"的意思,有否定含义,即等于"几乎没有",如若表示肯定的含义,则应在little和few前加不定冠词"a",即变为"a few"和"a little"

  12) because they are generally [A] taken simply to obtain a recognizable [B] and relatively clear [C] image, most nonprefessional photographs demand few [D] equipment.

  七、 "a great deal (of)" (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语

  13) ___ of giftgiving, barter, buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.
  [A] A great deal         [B] A great many
  [C] Much greater         [D] Many

  八、"nothing but"表示"只不过,就是,只有"

  He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。

  Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。

  九、"anything but" 表示"根本不,并不"

  She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。

  John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。

  十、"something of" 表示"略有"

  He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。

  I'm something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。

  (试比较)

  He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。

  十一、"none other than"表示"就是"

  The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。

  我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别,后者表示"与……不同"

  I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。

  The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。

  十二、"none"有时可作副词,表示"一点也不"

  We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。


  十三、nowhere可用以成语:be nowhere一无所得,一事无成;get nowhere一事无成,nowhere near离……很远。

  十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词,或有其他的含义

  He is all attention, and she is all eyes. 他十分留意,她也注意力集中。
  Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.
  [句中的"anybody(somebody)"在此当"大人物,重要人物"讲。]

  十五、例题解析

  1) A错。every不可单独充当句子成分,应在其后加上person或改为everyone。

  2) A错。改为Every,修饰child。

  3) C错。应改为of many,因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词,故其修饰语应用many,而much要修饰不可数名词。

  4) B错。应改用many,因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数),many在本句中为代词,作非限定性定语从句的主语。

  5) B错。应改为much evidence,因为evidence(证据,迹象)为不可数名词,故应用much来修饰。

6) B错。应为any general,因为本句为否定句(否定副词never),应该用any,此处表示"(没有达成过) 任何共识"。

  7) C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures。本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句,control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语,同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。

  8) B错。 改为others。

  9) B错。 改为other。

  10) C错。改为to the one。

  11) C错。应用the other,因为此处表示两者之中的另一个,Art Tatum为人的名字,他只有两只眼睛,故提到"另一只"时应用the other。

  12) D错。应改用little,因为equipment为不可数名词,故其修饰语应用little,few后面只接可数复数名词。

  13) A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词"giftgiving, barter, buying","[B] A great amny"和"[D] Many"修饰可数名词,而"[C] Much greater"本身是形容词,空档后不应有"of", 所以填"[A] A great deal of"。

V指示代词

  一、指示代词this,that,these和those用来代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物,在句中可充当主语、宾语和定语。做定语的指示代词要与所修饰的词在数上一致

  1) Today's libraries differ greatly from ___.
  [A] the past         [B] those of the past
  [C] that are past      [D] those past

  2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics, according ___ to some authorities, has exceeded spent on public health.
  [A] one        [B] those
  [C] it         [D] that

  3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.
  [A] that         [B] what
  [C] which        [D] those

  二、为了避免重复,that或those来代替前边的名词或代词,that表示事物,those表示人。一般来讲that表示单数或不可数,而those表示复数。但those可以和who连用,由who引导一个定语从句,这时those就不是代替前边的某词

  4) Numerous efforts have been made [A] to improve [B] the laws governing [C] air pollution, but none have been as successful as them [D] devised by the state of Oregon.

  5) An internationally famous ballerina [A] , Maria Tallchief demonstrated [B] that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those [C] of the ballet in Europe [D] .

  6) Since the job was going to be [A] difficult, he asked only [B] them [C] he trusted to assist him [D] .

  7) Forest animals [A] utilize the sense [B] of smell less [C] than them [D] in the countryside.

  三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用,也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词

  8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if ___ proposal were accepted.
  [A] so many      [B] a so many
  [C] a such      [D] such a

  9) Although signs of ___ dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?
  [A] so         [B] those
  [C] such        [D] such a

  四、例题解析

  1) B为正确答案。此题中的differ from意为"不同于",相比较的对象为"现代的图书馆"与"以往的图书馆",故应选B ,用those代替前面提到的libraries(复数)。

  2) D为正确答案。"has exceeded""超过,超越",空档后"spent on public health"作定语,而空档处是代词代替"The amount of monay",这是不可数名词,所以"[A] one"和"[B] those"均不符合条件。"[C] it"也不对,it代词代"the amount of money spent on cosmetics,"那么空档后的"spent on public health"显然与"spent on cosmetics"相矛盾。所以C也不对。

  3) D为正确答案。"what"和"which"为连接和关系代词,"that"指代单数,而空档处是代前边的"The clture and customs of America",所以应当用复数代词those。

  4) D错。 改为those。这里"those"与"none"同指,都代"the laws"。

  5) C错。 改为that,代"the quality。"

  6) C错。改为those。C处作"asked"的宾语,又作"he trusted to assist him"的先行词。

  7) D 错。 改为those。

  8) D为正确答案。

  9) C为正确答案。

VI关系代词

  关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which,as。它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词,又在从句中担任一定的成分。

  一、who和whom代表人,who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语

  1) Human beings are social [A] animals whom [B] usually prefer not to live in physical [C] or psychological isolation [D] .

  二、whose表示"某人的",在从句中作定语

  2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of ___ open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
  [A] which        [B] its
  [C] that         [D] whose

  三、that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况;that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语;which在从句中作主语或宾语

  3) The first doll ___ say "mama" was invented in 1830.
  [A] that it could       [B] could
  [C] it could          [D] that could

  四、代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等

  4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all ___ was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
  [A] what           [B] that
  [C] which          [D] who

  5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much ___ we can learn from him today.

  [A] as           [B] when
  [C] who          [D] that

  五、在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物

  6) After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," ___ used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.
  [A] which           [B] who
  [C] he            [D] that

  7) I have often wondered whether some people, ___ had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.

  [A] whom           [B] who
  [C] which          [D] what

  8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, ___ will add even greater weight to the saucer.
  [A] that        [B] although
  [C] why         [D] which

  六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分,而不是一个名词

  9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country,___ amounts to washing one's hands of English complex structures.
  [A] whom           [B] which
  [C] when           [D] that

  七、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

   Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

  I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。

  We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
  
  八、有时as也可用作关系代词

  Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his turned out not quite as he had expected.

  九、例题解析

  1) B错。改为who。

  2) D为正确答案。

  3) D为正确答案。

  4) B为正确答案。

  5) D为正确答案。

  6) B为正确答案。

  7) B为正确答案。

  8) D为正确答案。

  9) B为正确答案。

VII连 接 代 词

  连接代词:是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,连接代词有 what, who, whom, whose, which。

一、what可引导名词性从句,作主语和表语。"what"兼具先行词和关系代词的性质,即what=the thing(things)that

  1) Continue to be you ___ are before you find an exercelent job!

  [A] who         [B] that
  [C] what        [D] which

  2) ___ would be a fairly long speech in a play is often presented as a recitative(宣叙部) in opera.

  [A] That        [B] There
  [C] It         [D] What

  二、代词who(m), which和what可以和ever构成复合代词(whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever),它们起强调作用,都兼具先行词和关系词的作用。表示"所有,一切"之意。whoever和whomever作为复合代词,前边有介词,如果单纯作介词的宾语用whomever;如果介词后边的复合代词引导从句,则用whoever

  3) ___ it is you have heard, you'd better ask him about it in person.
  [A] Whatever         [B] However
  [C] That           [D] Although

  4) The government will sell public houses to ___ provides enough amount of money for the government further investment.
  [A] whoever        [B] those
  [C] people         [D] who

  三、有时这些复合代词还可以引起状语

  5) ___ the size or nature of a business,its main goal is to earn a profit.

  [A] Whatever        [B] Of
  [C] Whereas         [D] because

  四、例题解析

  1)

上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]  下一页


C为正确答案。

  2) D为正确答案。

  3) A为正确答案。

  4) A为正确答案。

  5) A为正确答案。

 
             代词(II)

  代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
  数      单数     复数      
  格    主格  宾格  主格  宾格    
  第一人称  I    me   we   us   
  第二人称 you   you  you   you   
        he    him  they   them  
  第三人称 she   her  they   them   
        it    it   they   them  
  如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
    It's me. 是我。
 二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。
物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数     单数       复数         
人称   第一 第二 第三  第一 第二 第三
     人称 人称  人称  人称 人称 人称    
形容词性 my your his/her  its our your/their
物主代词                       
名词性  mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs
物主代词                       
如: I like his car.
我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here,and theirs is there. 
我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
  如: That is a good idea.   那是个好主意。

四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。
  如: She was talking to herself.  她自言自语。

五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
  如: They love each other.  他们彼此相爱。
 
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
--- Do you have a car?  --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one.  --是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.  他们,我一个也不认识。
 七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
  如:Tell me who he is.  告诉我他是谁。
 八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。
1 它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
  如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.  他就是你要找的那个人。

2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
  a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
   ---- I like English.   --我喜欢英语
   ---- Me too.       --我也喜欢。
   ---- Have more wine?   --再来点酒喝吗?
   ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。
  b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
    He is taller than I/me.
    He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
  a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
  b. 在电话用语中常用主格。   
    ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
    ---- This is she.       --我就是玛丽。
 注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
    I thought it was she.   我以为是她。      (主格----主格)
    I thought it to be her.             (宾格----宾格)
    I was taken to be she.  我被当成了她。    (主格----主格)
    They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。   (宾格----宾格)
3 代词的指代问题
 1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
   Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?
 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
   Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。
4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
    第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称
    you -> he/she; it -> I
    You, he and I should return on time.
 2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
    第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称
      we -> you   -> They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
   a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
     It was I and John that made her angry.
     是我和约翰惹她生气了。
   b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.
   c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
   d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。5 物主代词 
 1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
   John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
  约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
  物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
  名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如:
   Jack's cap  意为   The cap is Jack's.
   His cap   意为   The cap is his.
 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
  a. 作主语,例如:
   May I use your pen? Yours works better.    我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。  
  b. 作宾语,例如:
   I love my motherland as much as you love yours.  我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。  
  c. 作介词宾语,例如:
   Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
   你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
  d. 作主语补语,例如:
    The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
6 双重所有格
   物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
 公式为:
  a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
    a friend of mine.
    each brother of his.
7 反身代词
 1) 列表
I     you     you     she    he
myself   yourself  yourselves herself himself

we     they     it    one
ourselves themselves  itself  oneself
 2)做宾语
  a. 有些动词需有反身代词
   absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
   We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
   Please help yourself to some fish.  请你随便吃点鱼。
  b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
   take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
   I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。  
  注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
  Please sit down. 请坐。
 3) 作表语; 同位语
   be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。
   The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
 4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
  a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
   (错) Myself drove the car.
   (对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
  b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
   Charles and myself saw it.
 5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
   You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。8 相互代词
 1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:
  It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
  显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
 2) 相互代词的句法功能:
  a. 作动词宾语;
   People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
  b. 可作介词宾语;
   Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
 说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
   He put all the books beside each other.     他把所有书并列摆放起来。
   He put all the books beside one another.   他把所有书并列摆放起来。
   Usually these small groups were independent of each other.  这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
  c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
    The students borrowed each other's notes.     学生们互借笔记。
9 指示代词
 1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:
      单数          复数
限定词:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my
               teachers.
代词: This is Mary.     Those are my
               teachers.
 2) 指示代词的句法功能;
  a. 作主语
    This is the way to do it.     这事儿就该这样做。  
   b. 作宾语
    I like this better than that.     我喜欢这个甚至那个。
   c. 作主语补语
    My point is this.     我的观点就是如此。
   d. 作介词宾语
    I don't say no to that.     我并未拒绝那个。
    There is no fear of that.     那并不可怕。
 说明1:
  指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
 (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
 (对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
 (错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
 (对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
 说明2:
  That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
 (对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
 (错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
 (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
 (对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
10 疑问代词
 1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
  指 人: who, whom, whose
  指 物: what
  既可指人又可指物: which
 2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
 疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?        桌上的书是谁的?
      What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
       美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
 限定词: Whose books are these on the desk?        桌上的书是谁的?
      What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
 说明1:
   无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
  Which girls do you like best?    你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
  What girls do you like best?    你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
 说明2:
   Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
  Who(m) did you meet on the street?     你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
  Who(m) are you taking the book to?    你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
  To whom did you speak on the campus?
    你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
 说明3:
   疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
 For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
 What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语
 说明4:
   疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
 I can't make out what he is driving at.   我不知道他用意何在。
 Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?    你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
 Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
  你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
11 关系代词
 1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)

 2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
      限定性   非限定性    限定性
      指 人   指  物   指人或指物
主 格   who    which     that
宾 格   whom    that     that
属 格   whose  of which/whose  of which/whose
 例如:
  This is the pencil whose point is broken.
   这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
  (whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语) 
  He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
 (which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
 3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
  He s

上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]  下一页


aid he saw me there, which was a lie.
  他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
 说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
  I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 
   我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
  He's changed. He's not the man he was.
   他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
 1)不定代词有
 all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。 
 2) 不定代词的功能与用法
  a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
   I have no idea about it. 
  b. all 都,指三者以上。
   all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
   All goes well.  一切进展得很好。
   all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
   但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
   all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way 
 3)  both 都,指两者。
  a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both?and?#21487;与单数名词连用。 
  b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
   Who can speak Japanese?  We both (all) can. 
 4) neither 两者都不
  a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
  b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither? nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
  c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。
   She can't sing,neither (can) he.
  neither 与nor
  d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
   If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
  e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
    He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
  1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。      
  Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
  2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。
    It is none of your business.  
二、few 一些,少数
  few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
  1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
  2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
    You will be sorry for this some day.
    总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
    A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
    某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
  (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
  (2)some用于其他句式中:
    a. 肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
    Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:
      Would you like some coffee?
    b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
    If you need some help,let me know.
    c.  some位于主语部分,
    Some students haven't been there before.
    d.  当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:
    I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
    这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
  1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
  当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
   Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
  ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不
用ones。
  Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
14 代词比较辩异 one,that 和it
 one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 
 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了
15 one/another/the other
 one?the other 只有两个        
 some?the others  有三个以上
 one?another,another?br>  some?others,others?br>  others = other people/things
 the others = the rest 剩余的全部 
 1) 泛指另一个用another。
 2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
 3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
 4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
 5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
16 搕he?#30340;妙用
  He is one of the students who help me.
  He is the one of the students who helps me.
  他是帮我的学生之一。
  第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
  第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
  anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
 a)  none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。
 b)  none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。 
 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
 ---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
 ---- No one.            --没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。
   Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
   Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
   Every student has to take one.
   Each boy has to take one.
   Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。
6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。
   Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
   Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
  这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
 1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
  Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。 
 2) both,either
  both与复数连用,either与单数连用。
  Both the boys are clever.  两个男孩都很聪明。
  Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
  There are flowers on both sides of the street.
  (两岸)
  There are flowers on either side of the street.
  (岸的两边)
  路边长满了野花。
 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
  I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
  I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。
    All of the students are there.
      所有的学生都在那。
    All (of) the milk is there. 
      所有的牛奶都在那。
19 many, much
  Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。
   How many people are there at the meeting?
   How much time has we left?
   Many of the workers were at the meeting.
   Much of the time was spent on learning
20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
 few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。
 He has a few friends.   他有几个朋友。
 He has few friends.    他几乎没有朋友。
 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

典型例题:
  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
  A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few
  答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配:
  only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many)
  many a (=many)
  Many books were sold.
  Many a book was sold.
   卖出了许多书。




上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 


上一篇: 情态动词 下一篇: 不定式概论

加入家长群

QQ扫一扫,加入家长群

关注我们

关注微信公众号,了解最新精彩内容

关注抖音号

抖音扫一扫,立即关注我